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AUSCHWITZ:
Technique
and Operation
of
the Gas Chambers © |
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| Drawings of Topf
furnaces |
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Three drawings of Topf furnaces are known at present. They
are presented in order to familiarize the reader with their working and the
location of the different components. It was ten three muffle Topf furnaces
(those of Krematorien II and III, which were derived from the two muffle models
on the first two drawings) that accounted for most of the "cremation
work" associated with the extermination of the Jews at Birkenau. A
knowledge of their internal organization makes it possible to understand their
construction, the way they worked and the repairs they underwent.
These
drawings were produced by the drawing office of Topf's D Division, and
bear a five digit number prefixed by "D". Chief engineer Kurt
Prüfer was the head of the subdivision D IV, "Krematoriumbau/
crematorium construction". There would have been at least three other D
subdivisions (I, II and III) designing things other than crematoriums,
connected with heating techniques or not, so that the D drawing office, serving
all the subdivisions, did not draw furnaces only. This assertion is supported
by the rate of production of drawings, as far as this can be calculated, which
averaged a little under FOUR a day (1,400 per year) from the end of 1939 to the
end of 1941, then fell to ONE drawing a day for the period from the beginning
of 1942 to mid 1943. Though Prüfer was extremely active, his work did not
require as many drawings as that. |
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The first drawing submitted to KL Buchenwald, comes from
the archives of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal (reference NO-4444). There is
copy in the CDJC in Paris, under the reference CXXXVIII-129. The other two
drawings, concerning KL Auschwitz and Mauthausen, are preserved in the Federal
Archives at Koblenz under the reference NS 4 Mauthausen/54.
Drawing
D56,570 [or 576] of 21/12/39 is of a double muffle, oil fired
furnace, also available in a coke fired version [Photo 1]. Planned for
KL Buchenwald, it is not known whether this furnace was actually installed, The
Buchenwald camp, not far from Erfurt, was "Prüfer territory",
for it was here that he sold his first two three-muffle furnaces, which entered
service on 23rd August and 3rd October 1942 respectively and were found intact
in 1945. While they had lateral pulsed-air blowers, like the Birkenau furnaces,
it would appear that they were not coke-fired like them, but oil-fired. The
method of charging the corpses at first used a trolley on rails, exactly as in
Auschwitz Krematorium I, but this was later replaced by a metal "corpse
stretcher". This latter method was developed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, in
the light of experience, and it was no doubt Prüfer who passed it on to
Buchenwald. These furnaces were used much less intensively than those at
Birkenau, cremating only 6 or 7 corpses per muffle per day on average.
Historically, it is no longer possible to present this Nuremberg
drawing as being "criminal". Produced entirely without any supporting
documentary context, as were many German documents at that time, this drawing
was supposed to prove "ipso facto" the criminality of KL Buchenwald,
whereas in fact it was only a pictorial representation of a perfectly ordinary
piece of "public health" equipment. Whether used as incriminating
evidence or not, the fact that this drawing was retained, certainly with a
covering letter whose content is not known, shows the stupid way in which the
documents of the defeated were "evaluated" by a tribunal of the
victors. It is just as ridiculous as if in the Landru trial the prosecution had
presented a catalogue of harmless kitchen ranges and declared that this
brochure was obvious proof of the crimes of the accused, and had omitted to
mention the purchase of the railway tickets: one return [for Landru] and one
single [for his lady victim].
Technically, this was for forty years the
only Topf drawing that made it possible to really understand the structure of
the three double-muffle furnaces in Auschwitz Krematorium I, even though they
had been reconstructed from memory in 1945. There are certain errors and
anomalies on the drawing. The height of 2.10 m indicated on the cross-section
is incorrect and should be 1.90 m. The vents through which the pulsed air was
blown into the furnace (looking like two pins, one entering each hearth from
the top corner) are not shown on the longitudinal section. The motors and
ducting are not shown for either the pulsed air system or the oil burners are
not shown. The longitudinal section of the coke-fired version invalidates the
positions of the underfloor smoke flues and the damper. On the other hand, the
smoke evacuation path in the furnace, being noted, gives an indication valid
for the furnaces in Auschwitz Krematorium I. |
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AUSCHWITZ:
Technique and operation
of the gas
chambers
Jean-Claude Pressac
© 1989, The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation |
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