*1 See Appendix 3, The Structure and Location of the Forces Involved in the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo (Order of Battle); Appendices 6-9.
*2 The publication, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993, a Carnegie Endowment Special Publication compiled by Samantha Powers, utilizes reports from the Economist, Facts on File, Foreign Affairs, the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, the International Herald Tribune, Keesing's Record of World Events, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, Radio Free Europe/Radio Free Liberty Daily Report, the US Department of State Dispatch, and the Washington Post. This chronology was updated by the IHRLI staff.
*3 Linden Productions has provided IHRLI and the Commission of Experts with volunteer services in creating a computerized videotape database archive, allowing all video footage to be stored in a digital format on CD-ROM.
*4 This analysis is contained in the Appendices.
*5 See Appendix 1, Sarajevo Targets of Shelling with Accompanying Key.
*6 See Appendix 4, List of Most Frequently Hit Targets With Dates of Shelling Recorded in the Chronology of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo.
*7 See Appendix 3, Table of Frequency of Shelling in Sarajevo Areas. This table provides a monthly breakdown of the shelling activity in each of the areas designated in the city and is based upon reports contained in the chronology.
*8 See Appendix 6, Photographs Picturing Targets Shelled in Sarajevo. These photographs were submitted by the BiH War Crimes Commission and other sources. In addition to including photographs of shelled targets, this Appendix contains listings of reported shelling dates for the targets which frequently appear in the chronology. Background summary descriptions are also provided for some of the targets pictured.
*9 A team of statisticians from the DePaul University Department of Mathematical Sciences, under the supervision of Dr. Effat Moussa, Director of Graduate Program Applied Mathematics, and graduate student Diane Horstman, helped analyse the statistical information in the chronology.
*10 See Appendix 2, Table of Total Daily Shelling Activity Reported.
*11 See Appendix 2, Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number Killed. This table includes only those reports in the chronology which document the daily total number of persons killed. Numbers of reported killed in individual incidents are not included.
*12 See Appendix 3, Table of Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number of Wounded. This table includes only reports in the chronology which document the total number of persons wounded. Numbers of reported wounded from individual incidents are not included.
*13 See Appendix 2, Graph of Reported Shelling Activity and Casualties by Day. This graph presents the information contained in Appendix 2, Total Daily Shelling Activity Reported, Appendix 2, Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number Killed, and Appendix 3, Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number Wounded. By combining the daily shelling and casualty reports in a graph form, it is meant to present the most complete picture of the events in Sarajevo during the siege. See also, Appendix 2, Graph of Reported Shelling Activity and Casualties by Week. This graph is a weekly breakdown of Appendix 2, Reported Shelling Activity and Casualties by Day.
*14 See Appendix 2, Graph of Sarajevo Shelling and Casualties: Relationship to Political Events. This graph contains the same information as Appendix 2, Reported Shelling Activity and Casualties by Day, but also charts significant political events contained in the chronology.
*15 For an analysis on the link between shelling activity and political events, see paragraphs 42-43 below.
*16 See Appendix 1 for maps of Sarajevo. The first map is a detailed city plan. The second and third maps illustrate the Sarajevo's topography and the areas surrounding the city.
*17 Sarajevo was a cosmopolitan city sharing many characteristics with other major European cities. The surrounding areas are, however, generally inhabited by a rugged, mountain- rural population. There are, therefore, significant social differences between the city's defenders and the besiegers.
*18 See Appendix 2, Weekly Casualties Source: BiH Institute for Public Health. The casualty reports contained in this table are based on Institute for Public Health Bulletins beginning on 26 June 1992 and ending on 27 September 1993. Any inconsistencies which appear in the data reported by the Institute for Public Health are noted. For example the Bulletins reviewed initially reported victims as «killed», but subsequently listed victims under a broader category: «killed, died of undernourishment, cold and missing». As a result, the table lists this category as «killed or missing» and the sudden increase in numbers from 2,349 to 7,468 on 9 November 1992, reflects the change in the Institute for Public Health's methodology. Similarly, on 16 August 1992, there is a sudden increase in the total number of wounded from 9,446 to 22,677. This increase is due to the fact that the Institute for Public Health then began reporting both severely and lightly wounded persons. The total of 22,677 represents the combined number of persons wounded and thereafter remains consistent. Further, on 9 November 1992, there is a decline in the number of heavily wounded from 13,605 to 12,000. This sudden decline remains unexplained.
*19 It is not clear exactly what percentage of these casualties involve civilians and non-combatants. However, the following indicates that a high percentage of the city's victims have been civilians: the 2 August and 10 August 1992 Bulletins estimated that 70 per cent of the casualties were civilian; the 19 August 1992 Bulletin estimated that 75 per cent of the casualties were civilian; and the 27 September 1992 Bulletin estimated that 80 per cent of those killed and 75 per cent of the wounded were civilians. Information obtained by the Canadian War Crimes Investigative Team from Dr. Arif Smajkic of the Health Institute indicated that about 85 per cent of the casualties in Sarajevo itself were non-combatants. See Annex VI.A, Sarajevo Investigation.
*20 See Appendix 2, Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number Killed, for a table containing the daily reports appearing in the chronology where the total number of persons reported killed is documented.
*21 See Appendix 2, Daily Casualty Totals Reported: Number Wounded for a table containing the daily reports appearing in the chronology where the total number of persons reported wounded is documented.
*22 The city's residents have attempted to maintain relative normality in the lives of their children. Makeshift elementary schools have been established throughout the city in positions away from snipers and shellfire. These schools move from building to building, partly because the classrooms have been destroyed, but also because groups of children have become targets of shelling attacks. Despite these efforts, the schools are still attacked. For example, on 9 November 1993, a Sarajevo schoolhouse was hit by shellfire, killing at least three children and their teacher, and wounding dozens of others. More recently on 3 January 1994, two shells exploded near a crowd of children as they left a kindergarten, killing at least one and wounding several others.
*23 See Appendix 6, which includes several photographs of the makeshift cemeteries which have appeared throughout the city.
*24 Structural and property damage in this report refers to the infrastructure, as well as to publicly and privately owned property. For a specific treatment of the destruction of utilities, see paragraphs 48-50 below.
*25 See materials submitted by the BiH Government, IHRLI Doc. No. 27259-27260.
*26 See Council of Europe, Third Information Report on War Damage to the Cultural Heritage in Croatia and Bosnia- Hercegovina, presented by the Committee on Culture and Education, 20 September 1993, Doc. 6904, IHRLI Doc. No. 39833.
*27 See Appendices.
*28 For a comprehensive breakdown of the forces around the city, see Appendix 8, The Structure and Location of the Forces Involved in the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo (Order of Battle).
*29 Reports indicate that Hajrulahovic served as the 1st Corps commander through at least 9 May 1993.
*30 See Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (12 August 1949), 75 UNTS 31; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea (12 August 1949), 75 UNTS 85; Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (12 August 1949), 75 UNTS 155; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (12 August 1949), 75 UNTS 287.
*31 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) (ICRC 1977); 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) (ICRC 1977).
*32 Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, signed at the Hague on 18 October 1907.
*33 1954 Hague Convention on Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 14 May 1954, 249 UNTS 240 (1956).
*34 UNPROFOR has reported that BiH forces have been scattered in different parts of the city and that they have set up mortars and artillery beside hospitals and schools. The location of military forces and weapons too close to civilian or other protected targets may either justify return fire or provide a basis for «military necessity». However, clearly, this does not apply to intentional attacks upon civilian targets and intentional targeting of civilian targets and sniping against civilians. In addition, there may be questionable situations such as the area near the UN-controlled Sarajevo airport. This area constitutes a corridor between the inner-perimeter defenders and the outer-perimeter defenders. Although neither side is permitted in this enclave, it is, however, used on a regular basis by the defenders to bring supplies and munitions from the inner- perimeter to the outer-perimeter defenders.
*35 See Appendix 2, Total Daily Shelling Activity Reported.
*36 The chronology contains shelling counts provided in available UNPROFOR daily, weekly and monthly reports, as well as in media, wire reports and other sources. UNPROFOR did not officially begin counting shelling activity in Sarajevo until October 1992. Additionally, UNPROFOR reports contain daily shelling counts for only a fraction of the siege.
*37 See Appendix 4, List of Most Frequently Hit Targets with Dates of Shelling Recorded in the IHRLI Chronology of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo.
*38 Because of the sniping and shelling in the city, journalists at Oslobodjenje are required to remain in the building to work in seven day shifts. According to reports, five of Oslobodjenje's staff have been killed and 20 wounded, including its editor Kemal Kurspahic. But despite near total destruction of its building, restricted electricity and a shortage of paper, the newspaper has been published ever day. For many of Sarajevo's residents, Oslobodjenje has been the only source of information since a lack of power and a shortage of batteries renders radios and televisions useless. See Askold Krushelnycky, «Voice of the People that Refused to be Killed by War,» The European, 9-12 September 1993.
*39 See Appendix 3, Table of Frequency of Shelling in Sarajevo Areas; and Appendix 4, List of Most Frequently Hit Targets With Dates of Shelling.
*40 See Appendix 9.
*41 See Commission on Human Rights, Fifth periodic report on the situation of human rights in the territory of the former Yugoslavia submitted by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1994/47, 17 November 1993.
*42 It is interesting to note that before the siege, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic served for many years as a clinical psychiatrist at the Kosevo Hospital.
*43 It has been observed that following infantry attacks by the defensive forces and other efforts to break the siege, the besieging forces have often retaliated with intensive shelling into the city centre causing extensive damage and a high number of casualties. UNPROFOR has observed that the besieging forces have inferior infantry to mount counter-attacks and therefore use mortar and tank fire to shell the city. This fire is usually directed towards civilian areas.
*44 The chronology contains reports of sniping attacks by both BSA and BiH forces.
*45 The siege has proven particularly dangerous to the city's rescue workers. For example, the Sarajevo Fire Department reported that its casualty rate was 10 per cent higher than that of the BiH army.
*46 It has been observed that the besieging forces have often increased their artillery attacks on the city prior to and during the international peace conferences. See Appendix 2, Sarajevo Shelling and Casualties: Relationship to Political Events, and the examples below. One explanation for this increased shelling activity is that the besieging forces are using the siege as a means to politically pressure the BiH government to agree to peace terms favorable to the Bosnian Serbs.
*47 It has been observed that the besieging forces have on many occasions increased shell fire in reaction to statements made by local political leaders. It has also been observed that the besieging forces seem to calculate events and the risks that they can take in relation to threats by third-party governments and organizations. In this regard, when threats by third-party governments or organizations are not perceived as immediate, the besieging forces increase or continue their shelling of the city. For example, Sarajevo was hit with a siege-high 3,777 shells on 22 July 1993 after the US ruled out direct intervention to prevent the shelling of the city. The opposite behavior was observed in August 1993, when President Clinton warned that the US would consider bombing Serbian forces if the shelling of Sarajevo continued. When this threat appeared immediate, the attacks on Sarajevo diminished and Serbian troops were withdrawn from the surrounding mountains to the southwest. Likewise, in reaction to NATO's ultimatum on 9 February 1994 which gave Bosnian Serb forces 10 days to withdraw their heavy weaponry or face airstrikes, the besieging forces substantially complied and curtailed their shelling of the city. This behavior by the besieging forces suggests that there is a centralized command and control of the besieging forces and that when there is pressure for the shelling to stop, it does.
*48 See also II below (Chronology); Appendix 2, Sarajevo Shelling and Casualties: Relationship to Political Events.
*49 This shell count does not appear in the statistical data since there is no report on the total number of shells fired for the day.
*50 See Commission on Human Rights, Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, Third periodic report on the situation of human rights in the territory of the former Yugoslavia submitted by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1994/6, 26 August 1993.
*51 It has been estimated by the United Nations that the average adult in the city has lost approximately twenty-five pounds.
*52 Berlin had received more than two million tons of food and coal on 277,000 flights, while Sarajevo had received 63,000 tons of aid on 5,800 flights.
*53 Most recently on 4 May 1994, a German plan carrying UN relief supplies and Germany's new ambassador to BiH was hit by three bullets at the Sarajevo airport. Soon afterward, an Ilyushin-76 plane, flying for the American Soros foundation was hit once by small arms fire. The airlift was suspended thereafter. See Associated Press, «Aid Flights to Sarajevo Suspended, German Ambassador's Plane Hit by Gunfire,» Chicago Tribune, 5 May 1994.
*54 See Appendices 3 and 4.
*55 The reports reviewed demonstrate that on occasions, even a single shot fired in the direction of a relief aircraft has suspended the humanitarian airlift. The forces therefore know that any shelling or combat between them in the airport area will inevitably suspend the airlift.
*56 One consequence of cutting down these trees is that the city has become more vulnerable in that snipers and gunners have a better view of their targets.
*57 A UN investigation of the market shelling was inconclusive. A five-member investigative team found that the market blast was caused by a single high-explosive bomb from a conventional, factory made 120 millimetre mortar. The precise location of the weapon that fired the round could not be established. See UN Background Paper, «Sarajevo Market Explosion of 5 February 1994, A Background Summary of UNPROFOR's Investigative Report,» 16 February 1994, IHRLI Doc. No. 63707.
*58 According to UNPROFOR reports, a total of 296 heavy BSA weapons were either turned in or were being monitored. A total of 46 BiH weapons were accounted for. See UNPROFOR list of weapons collected in the Sarajevo area, IHRLI Doc. No. 63775.
*59 There are, however, reports as recent as 4 May 1994, that while the two month truce has generally held in the city, UNPROFOR has noted a recent increase in violations of the NATO ultimatum. A UN spokesman, Major Dacre Holloway, said that at least two or three explosions heard in the city on 4 May, were probably tank cannons. Holloway also said that a BSA tank was spotted earlier in the day in Krupac, just south of BSA-held Lukavica. Both suburbs are inside the arms exclusion zone. See Associated Press, «Aid Flights to Sarajevo Suspended, German Ambassador's Plane Hit by Gunfire,» Chicago Tribune, 5 May 1994.
*60 Jonathan S. Landay, «Fierce Fighting Envelops Sarajevo», United Press International, 5 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*61 Id.
*62 Id.
*63 Nikola Antonov, «Fighting Flares in Bosnia, Leaders Plead For Peace», Reuters, 5 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*64 Id.
*65 Jonathan S. Landay, «Fierce Fighting Envelops Sarajevo», United Press International, 5 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*66 Id.
*67 «EC, Party Leaders Agree On Total Cease-Fire», Belgrade Tanjug in English, 5 April 1992, 1800 GMT, FBIS #LD0504192392.
*68 Jonathan S. Landay, «Fierce Fighting Envelops Sarajevo», United Press International, 5 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*69 Jonathan S. Landay, «Bosnia Pushed Toward Civil War», United Press International, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Nikola Antonov, «Sniper Attack Mars EC Recognition of Bosnia», Reuters, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*70 Jonathan S. Landay, «Bosnia Pushed Toward Civil War», United Press International, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Nikola Antonov, «Sniper Attack Mars EC Recognition of Bosnia», Reuters, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*71 Jonathan S. Landay, «Bosnia Pushed Toward Civil War», United Press International, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Nikola Antonov, «Sniper Attack Mars EC Recognition of Bosnia», Reuters, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*72 Chuck Sudetic, «Shelling by Serbs in Bosnia Intensifies», New York Times, 7 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*73 Jonathan S. Landay, «Bosnia Pushed Toward Civil War», United Press International, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*74 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027267.
*75 «State of Emergency Introduced in Sarajevo», Sarajevo Radio, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*76 United Press International, «Croatian President Hints at Military Support for Bosnia», 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*77 Nikola Antonov, «Sniper Attack Mars EC Recognition of Bosnia», Reuters, 6 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*78 Chuck Sudetic, «Croat Towns Bombed in Bosnia and Hercegovina», New York Times, 7 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*79 Nikola Antonov, «Yugoslav Air Force Planes Attack Bosnia», Reuters, 7 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*80 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*81 Id.
*82 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serbs Shell Sarajevo: Leaders Say War Imminent», United Press International, April 8, 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*83 Id.
*84 Jonathan S. Landay, «Fighting Breaks Out in Sarajevo», United Press International, 7 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*85 Id.
*86 Id.
*87 Id.
*88 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027267.
*89 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*90 Jonathan S. Landay, «Ethnic Clashes Rage in Bosnia- Hercegovina», United Press International, 9 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*91 Nikola Antonov, «Yugoslav Army Warns Bosnia To Quell Fighting», Reuters, 9 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*92 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*93 Id.
*94 Jonathan S. Landay, «New Fighting as EC Attempts Fresh Mediation», United Press International, 10 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Nikola Antonov, «New Clashes Erupt In Bosnia Despite Any Warning», Reuters, 10 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*95 Jonathon S. Landay, «New Fighting as EC Attempts Fresh Mediation», United Press International, 10 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Blaine Harden, «Serbian Bid for Bosnia Alleged: Campaign Said to Target Areas of Newly Independent State», Washington Post, 11 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*96 Stephen Engelberg, «Fighting Imperils Efforts to Halt War in Yugoslavia», New York Times, 11 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*97 Nikola Antonov, «EC Envoy Talks With Rival Bosnian Groups», Reuters, 12 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*98 Jonathan S. Landay, «Army Backs Serbian Drive in Bosnia- Hercegovina», United Press International, 11 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*99 Blaine Harden, «It is Very Ugly, Very Sad What is Happening», Washington Post, 13 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*100 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*101 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serbs Ignore Cease-Fire, Prompting Muslims to Unloose Dam», United Press International, 13 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*102 Id.
*103 Nikola Antonov, «Fighting Eases in Bosnia Ahead of UN Visit», Reuters, 14 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*104 Jonathan S. Landay, «Yugoslav Army Pushes from Serbia into Bosnia-Hercegovina», United Press International, 14 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*105 Gordana Kukic, «Tens of Thousands of Refugees Flee Bosnian Fighting», Reuters, 14 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*106 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*107 Chuck Sudetic, «Vance Appeals to Serbs to Halt Bosnia Fighting», New York Times, 16 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*108 Sid Balman Jr., «US Proposes Tough Steps Against Yugoslavia», United Press International, 15 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; see also Materials submitted by Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*109 Nesho Djuric, «Vance: No Peacekeeping Troops for Bosnia», United Press International, 15 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*110 Chuck Sudetic, «Breaking Cease-Fire, Serbs Launch Attacks Into Bosnia», New York Times, 15 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*111 Meriel Beattie, «UN Envoy Urges Bosnia's Rival Groups to Keep Truce», Reuters, 15 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*112 Nikola Antonov, «Shaky Bosnian Cease-Fire Enters the Third Day», Reuters, 15 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*113 Blaine Harden, «Serbia Unmoved by Western Warnings: Belgrade Presses Offensive in Bosnia», Washington Post, 17 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*114 Nikola Antonov, «UN Envoy Vance Optimistic For Peace in Bosnia», Reuters, 16 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*115 Id.; Meriel Beattie, «Gunbattles Rock Bosnian Capital After UN Envoy Leaves», Reuters, 17 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*116 Chuck Sudetic, «Intense Fighting in Sarajevo Threatens US Aid Flights», New York Times, 18 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*117 Id.
*118 Andrej Gustincic, «UN Envoy Fears Disaster in Bosnia», Reuters, 17 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*119 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*120 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serbian Forces Shell Sarajevo: US Aid Airlift Begins», United Press International, 18 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*121 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*122 Nikola Antonov, «Fierce Battles in Bosnia Threaten Peace Talks», Reuters, 18 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*123 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbian Guerrillas Pounding Sarajevo in Defiance of US», New York Times, 19 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*124 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbian Forces shell Sarajevo: US Aid Airlift Begins», New York Times, 19 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*125 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serbian Forces Shell Sarajevo: US Aid Airlift Begins», United Press International, 18 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*126 Nikola Antonov, «Fierce Fighting Throws EC Talks on Bosnia Into Doubt», Reuters, 19 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*127 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Tighten Grip on Eastern Bosnia», New York Times, 20 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*128 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serb Offensive Continues Unabated in Bosnia», United Press International, 20 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*129 Nikola Antonov, «Battles in Bosnia Threaten Yugoslav- US Ties», Reuters, 20 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*130 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*131 Chuck Sudetic, «Serb Forces Launch Fierce Attack on Sarajevo», New York Times, 22 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992; Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Intensify Sarajevo Attacks: Pure Terrorism, Bosnia Charges», New York Times, 22 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*132 David Binder, «Baker Weighing a Break With Belgrade», New York Times, 21 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*133 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9706.
*134 Jonathan S. Landay, «Serb Forces Launch Fierce Attack on Sarajevo», United Press International, 21 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*135 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Intensify Sarajevo Attacks Pure Terrorism, Bosnia Charges», New York Times, 22 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*136 Chuck Sudetic, «Serb Forces Launch Fierce Attack on Sarajevo», New York Times, 22 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*137 Jonathan S. Landay, «New Fighting Raging in Sarajevo Trapping EC Monitors», United Press International, 22 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*138 Id.
*139 Id.
*140 Id.
*141 Id.
*142 Id.
*143 Id.
*144 Id.
*145 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*146 Andrej Gustincic, «New Battles in Bosnia Before EC Envoy Arrives», Reuters, 23 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*147 Alan Elsner, «US Supports Call For UN to Discuss Yugoslavia», Reuters, 23 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*148 Blaine Harden, «Serbian Leader Backs Shaky Bosnian Truce», Washington Post, 24 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*149 Andrej Gustincic, «New Battles in Bosnia Before EC Envoy Arrives», Reuters, 23 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*150 John F. Burns, «Bosnia Factions Sign New Truce Accord», New York Times, 24 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source file, April 1992.
*151 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*152 Jonathan S. Landay, «Lull in Fighting After Warring Parties Sign Truce Accord», United Press International, 24 April 1992, IHRLI Source File, April 1992.
*153 Id.
*154 Id.
*155 Id.
*156 Id.
*157 Id.
*158 Id.
*159 Blaine Harden, «Sarajevo, A Changed Ethnic City: Tolerance Shaken By Week of Shelling», Washington Post, 26 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*160 Id.
*161 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027289.
*162 Blaine Harden, «Sarajevo, A Changed Ethnic City: Tolerance Shaken By Week of Shelling», Washington Post, 26 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*163 Andrej Gustincic, «Peace Talks on Bosnia Depend on Quiet Weekend», Reuters, 25 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*164 «Serbs Seize More Muslim Land in Bosnia», United Press International, 26 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*165 United Press International, 27 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*166 Andrej Gustincic, «New Shooting After Bosnia Orders Yugoslav Army Out», Reuters, 27 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*167 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027267.
*168 Andrej Gustincic, «Scattered Unrest in Bosnia, But Sarajevo Quiet», Reuters, 26 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*169 John F. Burns, «Confirming Split, Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia», New York Times, 28 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*170 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, a Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*171 Blaine Harden, «Bosnia Siege Endangers Relief Effort: UN Officials Say Serbs Block Convoys», Washington Post, 28 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*172 «Serb-led Yugoslav Army Launches Bombardments of Bosnian Towns», United Press International, 29 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*173 Blaine Harden, «Yugoslav Army Says It Will Not Leave War-Torn Bosnia», Washington Post, 30 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*174 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9707; Laura Silber, «Casualties Climb as Shelling, Shooting Continue in Divided Bosnia», Washington Post, 1 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992; «New Barrage Against Sarajevo, Unexploded Shells a Threat», United Press International, 30 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*175 «New Barrage Against Sarajevo, Unexploded Shells a Threat», United Press International, 30 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*176 Blaine Harden, «Yugoslav Army Says It Will Not Leave War-Torn Bosnia», Washington Post, 30 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*177 «Lisbon Delegations Support UN Troop Arrival», Belgrade Tanjug Domestic Service in Serbo-Croatian, 29 April 1993, 1007 GMT, FBIS LD2904133592.
*178 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*179 «New Barrage Against Sarajevo, Unexploded Shells a Threat», United Press International, 30 April 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, April 1992.
*180 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*181 Andrej Gustincic, «Violence in Bosnia Defies Peace Efforts», Reuters, 1 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*182 Chuck Sudetic, «Muslim-Slavs in Bosnia Put Hope in West», New York Times, 2 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*183 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9707.
*184 Chuck Sudetic, «Muslim-Slavs in Bosnia Put Hope in West», New York Times, 2 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*185 Chuck Sudetic, «In Sarajevo, a Barrage of Terror», New York Times, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*186 John F. Burns, «Sarajevo's Center Erupts in War, Weakening Yugoslav Truce Effort», New York Times, 3 May 1993, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*187 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027389.
*188 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*189 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027267, 027271.
*190 Chuck Sudetic, «In Sarajevo, A Barrage of Terror», New York Times, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*191 Andrej Gustincic, «Battles Rage in Sarajevo, Bosnian President Held», Reuters, 2 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*192 Id.
*193 Andrej Gustincic, «Battle for Sarajevo Ravages City Center», Reuters, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*194 Andrej Gustincic, «Yugoslav Convoy Ambushed in Sarajevo--EC Envoy», Reuters, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*195 Chuck Sudetic, «Belgrade's Army Frees President of Bosnia and Hercegovina», New York Times, 4 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*196 Andrej Gustincic, «Yugoslav Convoy Ambushed in Sarajevo--EC Envoy», Reuters, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*197 Andrej Gustincic, «Fighting Subsides Ahead of Bosnian President's Release», Reuters, 3 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*198 Andrej Gustincic, «Yugoslav Army Threatens to Kill Izetbegovic Bodyguard», Reuters, 4 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*199 Andrej Gustincic, «Bosnian Fighting Goes On, Hopes For Peace Shattered», Reuters, 4 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*200 Id.
*201 Chuck Sudetic, «Bosnia is Seeking Military Aid», New York Times, 5 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*202 Id.
*203 Andrej Gustincic, «Bosnian Fighting Goes On, Hopes for Peace Shattered», Reuters, 4 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*204 Id.
*205 «Presidency Requests Foreign Military Intervention», Belgrade Tanjug Domestic Service in Serbo-Croation, 4 May 1992, 1820 GMT, FBIS #LD0405191192.
*206 Andrej Gustincic, «EC Monitors Quit: Bosnian Capital Littered With Dead», Reuters, 5 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*207 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9707; Blaine Harden, «Hopes for Deliverance Ebbing in Battered Bosnia», Washington Post, 6 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*208 Andrej Gustincic, «EC Monitors Quit: Bosnian Capital Littered With Dead», Reuters, 5 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*209 Blaine Harden, «Hopes for Deliverance Ebbing in Battered Bosnia», Washington Post, 6 May 1992, IHRLI sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*210 Richard Meares, «Cease-Fire Holds Overnight in Sarajevo», Reuters, 6 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*211 Richard Meares, «UN Envoy Rules Out Intervention In Bosnia», Reuters, 6 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*212 Id.
*213 Hugh Pain, «UN Envoy Says No Agreement on Peace Force for Bosnia», Reuters, 7 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*214 Id.
*215 «JNA Said to Begin Withdrawal to FRY», Sarajevo Radio Network in Serbo-Croatian, 8 May 1993, 0800 GMT, FBIS #AU0805085492.
*216 Richard Meares, «Fighting Rages Again in Bosnian Capital», Reuters, 8 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*217 Blaine Harden, «Serbian President Purges Army's Senior Commanders: Milosevic Puts Supporters, Hard-Line Nationalists in Charge», Washington Post, 9 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*218 John F. Burns, «Yugoslavia Forces Top Officers to Retire», New York Times, 9 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*219 Hugh Pain, «Fighting Rages in Bosnia Despite CSCE Suspension Threat», Reuters, 10 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*220 Blaine Harden, «In Besieged Sarajevo, Agony and Defiance: Shell-Battered Bosnian Capital Scorns Demands to Capitulate», Washington Post, 10 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*221 Hugh Pain, «Fighting Sweeps Bosnia, But UN Troops Unlikely», Reuters, 10 May 1992, Reuters, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*222 Blaine Harden, «In Besieged Sarajevo, Agony and Defiance: Shell-Battered Bosnian Capital Scorns Demands to Capitulate», Washington Post, 10 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*223 Hugh Pain, «Fighting Sweeps Bosnia, But UN Troops Unlikely», Reuters, 10 May 1992, Reuters, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*224 Chuck Sudetic, «A UN Aid Escort in Bosnia is Urged», New York Times, 11 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*225 Blaine Harden, «In Besieged Sarajevo, Agony and Defiance: Shell-Battered Bosnian Capital Scorns Demands to Capitulate», Washington Post, 10 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*226 Id.
*227 Richard Meares, «Serbs Launch Attack Under Eyes of EC Monitors», Reuters, 11 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*228 Id.
*229 John F. Burns, «Pessimism is Overshadowing Hope in Effort to End Yugoslav Fighting», New York Times, 12 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*230 Blaine Harden, «EC Withdraws Ambassadors from Belgrade; Serbia Rebuked Again on Bosnian War», Washington Post, 12 May 1993.
*231 Id.
*232 Stephen Nisbet, «EC to Recall Envoys from Belgrade», Reuters, 11 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*233 Richard Meares, «EC To Withdraw Bosnia Monitors, Fighting Goes On», Reuters, 12 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992; Chuck Sudetic, «Fear of Serb Onslaught Increases As Europe's Monitors Quit Bosnia», New York Times, 13 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*234 Richard Meares, «Serbs in Bosnia Declare Cease-Fire», Reuters, 12 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*235 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9708; Richard Meares, «EC to Withdraw Bosnia Monitors, Fighting Goes On», Reuters, 12 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*236 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*237 Richard Meares, «UN Plans Sarajevo Pull Out Despite Cease-Fire», Reuters, 13 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*238 John F. Burns, «Cease-Fire Brings Bit of Calm but No Confidence to Sarajevo», New York Times, 13 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*239 See Materials submitted by the government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*240 Richard Meares, «Shells Terrify But Snipers Chill in Besieged Sarajevo», Reuters, 13 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*241 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*242 Id.
*243 Jonathan S. Landay, «New Fighting Rages in Sarajevo», United Press International, 14 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*244 Id.
*245 Id.
*246 Id.
*247 Id.
*248 Id.
*249 Id.
*250 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9708.
*251 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*252 Jonathan S. Landay, «New Fighting Rages in Sarajevo», United Press International, 14 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*253 Richard Meares, «Sarajevo Calm Again After Ethnic Battles», Reuters, 15 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*254 Id.
*255 Richard Meares, «UN Starts Bosnia Withdrawal, Fighting Continues», Reuters, 16 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*256 Richard Meares, «Sarajevo Quieter As More UN Peacekeepers Quit», Reuters, 17 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*257 John F. Burns, «A Fearful Sarajevo Sees UN's Last Convoys Go», New York Times, 18 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*258 Richard Meares, «Fighting Erupts Around Sarajevo As UN Troops Leave», Reuters, 17 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*259 Incid. No. 18017, Source: Helsinki Watch.
*260 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027251.
*261 Richard Meares, «Fighting Erupts Around Sarajevo As UN Troops Leave», Reuters, 17 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*262 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs, Moslems, Croats Agree on 21-Day Truce in Sarajevo», Reuters, 18 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*263 Richard Meares, «Fighting Erupts Around Sarajevo As UN Troops Leave», Reuters, 17 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*264 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs, Moslems, Croats Agree on 21- Day Truce in Sarajevo», Reuters, 18 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*265 Id.
*266 Incid. No. 150, Source: US Submission; Incid No. 6092, Source: The Associated Press.
*267 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs, Moslems, Croats Agree on 21-Day Truce in Sarajevo», Reuters, 18 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*268 Id.
*269 Mark Heinrich, «Bosnia Fighting Blocks Army Pullout As EC Revives Peace Talks», Reuters, 19 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*270 Mark Heinrich, «UN Peacekeepers in Bosnia Come Under Mortar Attack», Reuters, 20 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992; Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Hold 5,000 Hostages Fleeing the War in Bosnia», New York Times, 21 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*271 Mark Heinrich, «Bosnia Fighting Blocks Army Pullout as EC Revives Peace Talks», Reuters, 19 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*272 «Muslim, Croat Officials Agree to `Confederation'», Belgrade Tanjug in English, 19 May 1992, 1137 GMT, FBIS #LD1905180192.
*273 «Milosevic, Kozyrev Meet: Discuss Yugoslav Crisis», Belgrade Tanjug in English, 19 May 1992, 1647 GMT, FBIS #LD1905180192.
*274 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*275 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Hold 5,000 Hostages Fleeing the War in Bosnia», New York Times, 21 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*276 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9708; Mark Heinrich, «UN Peacekeepers in Bosnia Come Under Mortar Attack», Reuters, 20 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*277 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Hold 5,000 Hostages Fleeing the War in Bosnia», New York Times, 21 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*278 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*279 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027318.
*280 Mark Heinrich, «7,000 Refugees Freed by Serb Gunmen, Set Out For Croatia», Reuters, 21 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*281 Id.
*282 Id.
*283 Mark Heinrich, «Fighting in Bosnia After Serbs Order Mobilization», Reuters, 22 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*284 Mark Heinrich, «West Readies Serbia Sanctions: US To Close Yugoslav Consulates», Reuters, 22 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*285 Id.
*286 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*287 Id.
*288 Donald Forbes, «Fresh Fighting Rages in Sarajevo and North Bosnia», Reuters, 23 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*289 Id.
*290 Jovan Kovacic, «Quiet Sarajevo Poised For Army Pull Out», Reuters, 24 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*291 Mark Heinrich, «Yugoslav Army Finishes Part of Sarajevo Pullout», Reuters, 24 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*292 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*293 Donald Forbes, «Arms Row Traps Yugoslav Soldiers in Sarajevo», Reuters, 25 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*294 Id.
*295 Id.
*296 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*297 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Airport to Be Reopened For Emergency Aid», Reuters, 26 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*298 Laura Silber, «Serb Forces Agree to Allow Sarajevo Relief Flights», Washington Post, 27 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*299 John F. Burns, «Mortar Attack on Civilians Leaves 16 Dead in Bosnia», New York Times, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*300 Id.
*301 Id.
*302 Incid. No. 10220, Source: Save the Humanity.
*303 Incid. No. 12030, Source: Save the Humanity.
*304 John F. Burns, «Mortar Attack on Civilians Leaves 16 Dead in Bosnia», New York Times, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*305 Incid. No. 30851, Source: World Serbian Community.
*306 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Reported Under Serb Missile Attack», Reuters, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*307 Timothy Heritage, «New Fighting Rocks Sarajevo», Reuters, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*308 John F. Burns, «Taped Order Loud and Clear: `Burn It All'», New York Times, 9 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992; Helsinki Watch Report, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 395.
*309 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*310 Id.
*311 Timothy Heritage, «New Fighting Rocks Sarajevo», Reuters, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*312 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Reported Under Serb Missile Attack», Reuters, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*313 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*314 Id.
*315 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs Bombard Sarajevo, Dubrovnik as UN Sanctions Loom», Reuters, 29 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*316 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Reported Under Serb Missile Attack», Reuters, 28 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*317 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs Bombard Sarajevo, Dubrovnik As UN Sanctions Loom», Reuters, 29 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source FIle, May 1992.
*318 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbian Gunners Pound Sarajevo», New York Times, 30 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*319 Blaine Harden, «Serb Gunners Pound Sarajevo in Fierce Attack; Dubrovnik Shelling Resumes as UN Debates Sanctions», Washington Post, 30 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*320 Chuck Sudetic, «Serbian Gunners Pound Sarajevo», New York Times, 30 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*321 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*322 Steve Pagani, «Dubrovnik Attacked for Second Day as UN Sanctions Imposed», Reuters, 30 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*323 Timothy Heritage, «Yugoslavia Braces for Hard Times Under Sanctions», Reuters, 30 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*324 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs Keep Shelling Sarajevo Despite UN Sanctions», Reuters, 31 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*325 Id.
*326 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*327 Id.
*328 Mark Heinrich, «Serbs Keep Shelling Sarajevo Despite U.N Sanctions», Reuters, 31 May 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*329 Mark Heinrich, «Cease-Fire Reached for Sarajevo After Sanctions Set», Reuters, 31 May 1992; Chuck Sudetic, «Tens of Thousands Call for Removal of Serbia's Leader, New York Times, 1 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*330 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*331 Blaine Harden, «Under Siege in Sarajevo--32 Days of Mounting Gloom», Washington Post, 2 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*332 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*333 Blaine Harden, «Under Siege in Sarajevo--32 Days of Mounting Gloom», Washington Post, 2 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*334 Blaine Harden, «Serb Forces Attack Bosnian Food Convoy», Washington Post, 3 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*335 Incid. No. 16060; Blaine Harden, «Serb Forces Attack Bosnian Food Convoy», Washington Post, 3 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992; see also Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9579 (citing the above Washington Post article).
*336 John F. Burns, «Serbian Irregulars Fight to Hold Road to Sarajevo», New York Times, 3 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*337 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*338 «Serb Tanks Bombard Trapped, Hungry Civilians», Reuters, 4 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, May 1992.
*339 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*340 Id.
*341 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9579 (citing Reuters, «Mortar Fire Hits UN Truck Delivering Aid to Sarajevo», Washington Post, 7 September 1992).
*342 John F. Burns, «Shelling of Sarajevo Dashes Slim Hopes of the Besieged», New York Times, 7 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*343 Blaine Harden, «Starvation Said to Begin in Sarajevo; Relief Officials Seek Airport's Reopening», Washington Post, 7 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*344 John F. Burns, «Shelling of Sarajevo Dashes Slim Hopes of the Besieged», New York Times, 7 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992; Blaine Harden, «Starvation Said to Begin in Sarajevo: Relief Officials Seek Airport's Reopening», Washington Post, 7 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*345 Blaine Harden, «Starvation Said to Begin in Sarajevo: Relief Officials Seek Airport Reopening», Washington Post, 7 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*346 John F. Burns, «The Death of a City: A People Under Artillery Fire Manage to Retain Humanity», New York Times, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*347 Id.
*348 Id.
*349 Id.
*350 Id.
*351 John F. Burns, «Bosnia, Desperate Over Shelling, Appeals to US for An Air Attack», New York Times, 9 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*352 Id.
*353 Id.
*354 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Defenders Reported to Seize Serb Bastion», Reuters, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*355 John F. Burns, «Bosnia, Desperate Over Shelling, Appeals to US for an Air Attack», New York Times, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*356 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Defenders Reported to Seize Serb Bastion», Reuters, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*357 Id.
*358 John F. Burns, «Bosnia, Desperate Over Shelling, Appeals to US for Air Attack», New York Times, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*359 Mark Heinrich, «Sarajevo Defenders Reported to Seize Serb Bastion», Reuters, 8 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*360 Frank J. Prial, «UN Council Acts on Bosnia Airport», New York Times, 9 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*361 John F. Burns, «Underground in Sarajevo, the Ethnic Groups Share Terror and the Hope», New York Times, 10 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*362 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027251.
*363 Blaine Harden, «Sarajevo Greets U.N Peacekeepers: Continued Shooting Blocks Plan to Reopen Airport for Food», Washington Post, 12 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*364 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*365 John F. Burns, «Underground in Sarajevo, the Ethnic Groups Share Terror and the Hope», New York Times, 10 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*366 Mark Heinrich, «UN Humanitarian Team Reaches War-Torn Sarajevo, Reuters, 10 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*367 Incid. No. 16133; Mark Heinrich, «UN Humanitarian Team Reaches War-Torn Sarajevo», Reuters, 10 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*368 Blaine Harden, «Serbs' Shells Make Sarajevo a Man-Made Hell», Washington Post, 13 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*369 «UNPROFOR Chief Departs for Sarajevo», Belgrade Tanjug in English, 10 June 1992, 1538 GMT, FBIS #LD1006163592.
*370 John F. Burns, «UN Envoys Resume Effort to Get Food Into Sarajevo», New York Times, 12 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*371 Id.
*372 Blaine Harden, «Serbs' Shells Make Sarajevo a Man-Made Hell», Washington Post, 13 June 1992, IHRLI Source File, June 1992.
*373 John F. Burns, «Bosnian Forces Counterattack Serbian Positions», New York Times, 13 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*374 Id.
*375 John F. Burns, «For Besieged Sarajevo, Even Anger is Fickle», New York Times, 14 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*376 Barton Gellman, «Defense Planners Making Case Against Intervention in Yugoslavia», Washington Post, 13 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*377 Blaine Harden, «Serbs Cooperating in Sarajevo, Leader of Peace Keepers Says», Washington Post, 15 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*378 John F. Burns, «When Shells Stop Raining Down, Sarajevans Dress Up and Step Out», New York Times, 16 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*379 Blaine Harden, «Serbs Cooperating in Sarajevo, Leader of Peace Keepers Says», Washington Post, 15 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*380 Timothy Heritage, «Warring Sides Sign Cease-Fire in Bosnia», Reuters, 14 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*381 John F. Burns, «When Shells Stop Raining Down, Sarajevans Dress Up and Step Out», New York Times, 16 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*382 Id.
*383 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*384 Id.
*385 «UN Brokered Cease-Fire Stabilizes in Sarajevo», Reuters, 16 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*386 Id.
*387 Incid. No. 38367, Source: ISHR British Section.
*388 Incid. No. 18024, Source: UPI.
*389 Blaine Harden, «Bosnian Leader Declares Alliance With Croatia: Military Pact Aims to Counter Sweep By Serb Forces», 17 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*390 John F. Burns, «Where Olympians Once Stayed, Bosnians are Living Under Siege», New York Times, 18 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*391 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*392 Blaine Harden, «Beset Sarajevo Doubts Will of Blue Helmets», Washington Post, 19 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*393 Id.
*394 Blaine Harden, «Serbs Blast Sarajevo Anew: Forces Advance on Suburb», Washington Post, 20 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*395 John F. Burns, «Where Olympians Once Stayed, Bosnians Are Living Under Siege», New York Times, 18 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*396 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*397 Blaine Harden, «Serbs Blast Sarajevo Anew: Forces Advance on Suburb», Washington Post, 20 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*398 Id.
*399 Blaine Harden, «Shells Hit UN Convoy in Sarajevo: 3 Canadian Officers Injured Amid Heavy Fighting in City's Suburbs», Washington Post, 21 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*400 Nikola Gurovic, «Bosnia-Hercegovina Orders Mobilization as Fighting Escalates», United Press International, 20 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*401 Blaine Harden, «Shells Hit UN Convoy in Sarajevo: 3 Canadian Officers Injured Amid Heavy Fighting in City's Suburbs», Washington Post, 21 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*402 Incid No. 10115, Source: Helsinki Watch.
*403 Nikola Gurovic, «Bosnia-Hercegovina Orders Mobilization as Fighting Escalates», United Press International, 20 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*404 Blaine Harden, «Shells Hit UN Convoy in Sarajevo: 3 Canadian Officers Injured Amid Heavy Fighting in City's Suburbs», Washington Post, 21 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*405 John F. Burns, «Estimates of Bosnia Dead Rising Fast», New York Times, 22 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*406 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*407 John F. Burns, «Estimates of Bosnia Dead Rising Fast», New York Times, 22 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*408 John F. Burns, «Sarajevo Tries a Normal Life: Bombs Forbid It», New York Times, 23 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*409 Helsinki Watch Report, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9710.
*410 Helsinki Watch Report, August, 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 396 (citing John F. Burns, «Sarajevo Tries a Normal Life: Bombs Forbid It», New York Times, 23 June 1992).
*411 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*412 See Materials submitted by the Government of BiH, IHRLI Doc. No. 027274.
*413 Blaine Harden, «Sarajevo Sees Relief in Croats' Advance: Artillery Called Threat to Serbs' Siege Guns», Washington Post, 24 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*414 John F. Burns, «Sarajevo's Prayer: Desperate City Looks Not to Europe But Across the Sea to US for Help», New York Times, 25 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*415 Incid. No. 16074, Source: Tanjug Yugoslav News Agency.
*416 Incid. No. 18074, Source: Washington Post.
*417 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*418 Incid. No. 16108, Source: Washington Post.
*419 BiH Ministry of Public Health Bulletin, 26 June 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 26844.
*420 John F. Burns, «Another Hope is Dashed in Sarajevo as Serbs Shatter Airport Truce», New York Times, 27 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*421 Id.
*422 John F. Burns, «Hearts Heavy, Arms Light, They Are Fighting On For Sarajevo», New York Times, 27 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*423 Paul Lewis, «Serbs Told to End Siege of Sarajevo or Risk UN Force», New York Times, 27 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*424 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*425 John F. Burns, «Serbs Defy Ultimatum From UN and Persist in Shelling Sarajevo», New York Times, 28 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*426 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*427 Blaine Harden, «Mitterand Lifts Spirits in Sarajevo: Battle at Airport Caps 6-Hour Stay», Washington Post, 29 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*428 Id.
*429 John F. Burns, «Mitterand Flies into Sarajevo: Shells Temper `Message of Hope'», New York Times, 29 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*430 Bojan Stojanovic, «Mitterand Opens Way to Sarajevo, Aid Planes Wait», Reuters, 28 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*431 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*432 Id.
*433 John F. Burns, «UN Takes Control of Airport at Sarajevo as Serbs Pull Back», New York Times, 30 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*434 Id.
*435 Incid. No. 16074, Source: Washington Post
*436 John F. Burns, «UN Takes Control of Airport at Sarajevo as Serbs Pull Back», New York Times, 30 June 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*437 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*438 John F. Burns, «UN Takes Control of Airport at Sarajevo as Serbs Pull Back», New York Times, June 30, 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*439 Blaine Harden, «Shooting Halts Aid Flights to Sarajevo: Bosnians Battle Serbs at Airport After French Planes Arrive», Washington Post, 1 July 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*440 John F. Burns, «First Supplies Reach Sarajevo From Airport as Shelling Continues», New York Times, 1 July 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*441 Blaine Harden, «Shooting Halts Aid Flights to Sarajevo; Bosnians Battle Serbs at Airport After French Planes Arrive», Washington Post, 1 July 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*442 John F. Burns, «First Supplies Reach Sarajevo from Airport As Shelling Continues», New York Times, 1 July 1992, IHRLI Sarajevo Source File, June 1992.
*443 Id.
*444 Carnegie Endowment, Breakdown in the Balkans, A Chronicle of Events, January 1989 to May 1993.
*445 Id.
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