have to carry out an experiment without being able to judge the validity of the reasons which prompted a central agency.

If a physician had not carried out that experiment, he would have got into a position where he could be called to account if he had not carried our that experiment. In this case, and there we have to consider the authoritarian nature of our state, the personal feeling and the feeling of a special professional, ethical obligation has to subordinate itself to the totalitarian nature of the war.

I must say once more, these are theoretical assumptions which I am expressing here. At the same time I could express how difficult such decisions are if I refer to an example which recently was quoted here, and I mean the eight hundred inmates in a prison in America who were infected with malaria. I don't want to refer to this example in order to justify the experiments which are under indictment here, but I want to express that the question of the importance of an experiment is, and remains, basically of decisive importance. Even there a certain number of fatalities had to be expected from the start when infecting eight hundred people with malaria.

The voluntary attitude which an inmate adopts and with which an inmate makes himself available is a relatively voluntary agreement. I don't think it would be the same if one were to receive a voluntary agreement from people who are present here. One has to consider the nature of the voluntary agreement. In my opinion, this round figure of eight hundred speaks against the voluntary agreement of all. I would assume that if it was seven hundred and thirty-five or seven hundred and forty, it would be different, but the round figure of eight hundred seems to indicate that there was a certain order for the experiment before the beginning of the experiment, and these experiments, too, were directed from the point of view of a superior state interest, and this superior state interest, at the same time, takes over the responsibility for the result of the experiment with reference to the experimental subject. For responsibility in a medical sense cannot be assumed at all since even a negative series of experiments speaks against the urgency and necessity of these experiments; and particularly when answering the question about voluntary or involuntary, dangerous or nondangerous natures, it is very difficult and almost impossible to say basically with reference to experiments that experiments on human beings, taking all these things into consideration, are a crime or are not a crime. The question can only be judged when over and above the expected result experiments are still continued. If a result has been established and further experiments on human beings are then carried out, they are not important, and the experiment which is not important is only a dilettante experiment. In that case I would from the start assume the word "criminal," but when dealing with important experiments, it is necessary to take into consideration all