Notes of annex III.A

*1      For a more detailed historical discussion of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, see Annex IV, and for a more detailed discussion of the military structure, see Annex III.

*2       Some of the reports received by IHRLI do not contain sufficient information to categorize all identified groups within these four categories. Therefore, further investigation is needed to separate these groups by some organizational or other criteria as well as to determine the internal and external chains of command.

*3       For the purpose of this report, county is used to refer to a region known as an «opstina». An opstina is larger than a municipality or town, and includes smaller villages and hamlets which surround the larger cities.

*4       This is a well-established definition for «Paramilitary» organizations or groups. See The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, The Unabridged Edition (1967).

*5       For a more detailed discussion of the military history and command structure of the armies of the former Yugoslavia, see Annex III, Military Structure.

*6       This was later known as «People's Total Defence».

*7       This figure counts the White Eagles as one group, even though there may be several separate groups operating under this name. For a more detailed discussion, see the section on White Eagles below.

*8       These numbers are estimates based on a review of the reports submitted to the Commission of Experts and have not been verified. Those same characteristics that make the use of organizations desirable, i.e., lack of uniforms and lack of an identifiable chain of command, also make it difficult to accurately state the number of paramilitary troops.

*9       United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Question of the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of People to Self- determination, submitted by Mr. Enrique Bernales Ballesteros, Special Rapporteur, Pursuant to Commission Resolution 1993/5, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/23, at 25 (12 January 1994).

*10       In addition to the 72 counties, there were reports of paramilitary activity in eight villages (four in BiH and four in Croatia) in undetermined counties. For purposes of statistical analysis, these villages will be counted as counties.

*11       Paramilitary activity was reported in 45 counties in BiH, 21 counties in Croatia, and six in FRY.

*12       There were reports that Serbian paramilitary groups were operating in 39 counties in BiH, 22 in Croatia, and six in FRY. Croatian paramilitaries were reported to be operating in 11 counties in BiH and six in Croatia. There were reports that the groups supporting BiH were operating in 11 counties throughout BiH.

*13       Ten of the 14 groups working in support of BiH, eight of the 13 groups supporting Croatia, and 41 of the 56 Serbian paramilitary forces were reported to have operated locally.

*14       Paramilitary units working in support of BiH were reported to be conducting joint operations in five counties, those supporting Croatia in six counties, and those supporting FRY or the self- declared Serbian republics in 36 counties.

*15       Arkan's troops were reported in 28 counties and Seselj's troops were reported in 34.

*16       Allegedly 55 paramilitary groups killed civilians, 26 allegedly destroyed property, 25 looted, 14 tortured, and 10 forcibly evicted.

*17       Of the 72 counties where paramilitary activity was reported, rape and sexual assault were reported in 32, prison camps in 46, and mass graves in 24. See Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault; Annex X, Mass Graves; Annex VIII, Prison Camps.

*18       In fact, until August of 1992 the most notorious Croatian paramilitary, the HOS, and the regular Croatian Army often had conflicting military objectives.

*19       David C. Isby, «Yugoslavia 1991--Armed Forces in Conflict», Jane's Intelligence Review, September 1991, at 402.

*20       See UN Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Question of the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of a Right of Peoples to Self- determination, submitted by Mr. Enrique Bernales Ballesteros, Special Rapporteur, pursuant to Commission resolution 1993/5, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/23 (12 January 1994).

*21       Juka's Army, led by Jusuf (Juka) Prazina, began its operations in support of BiH by defending the city of Sarajevo. However, it is reported that Juka's frustration with the political and military leaders within BiH Government forced him to switch alliances and fight against the BiH forces with the HVO.

*22       These forces are most commonly referred to as the Tigers, however, they have also known as the Serbian Volunteer Guard, Arkanovci, or generically as Arkan's Forces.

*23       Seselj's forces are sometimes referred to as «Cetniks» or «White Eagles». However, these names are also used by other groups or generically, referring to any Serbian Soldier. These forces are also called Seseljovci or Seselj's Forces.

*24       These counties are: Bihac, Bijeljina, Brcko, Donji Vakuf, Gorazde, Gradacac, Kljuc, Konjic, Livno, Odzak, Prijedor, Sarajevo, Srebrenica, Tuzla, Visoko, Vogosca, Zenica, and Zvornik.

*25       See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted from Charge d'Affairs to the United Nations Secretary-General, 6 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 48294; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by Professor Biljana Plavsic to the United Nations Secretary-General and Various State Embassies, 29 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5459; «Serbs Request Yugoslav Military Intervention as Fighting Worsens», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 November 1992; «Situation in Gorazde in Brief», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 17 August 1992; «Extent of Croatian Army Activity in Herzegovina Detailed in Serbian Report», BBC, 27 July 1992.

*26       See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3132; «Security Reports in Brief», BBC, 23 October 1992; «Other Reports in Brief», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1992.

*27       One report did indicate that at least 800 Green Berets from Hrasnica, along with the Croatian Defence Council allegedly attacked Bradina. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by Professor Biljana Plavsic to the United Nations Secretary-General and Various State Embassies, 29 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5459.

*28       One report alleged that the Green Berets were using 82 and 120 mm mortars in an attack on Serbian positions in Sarajevo. «Fierce Battles Rage near Novi Grad, Bratunac; Air Raids Reported on Srebrenica», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 13 January 1993. In a report on an ambush in Zvornik, the Green Berets allegedly used grenade launchers and bombs. «Other Reports in Brief; SRNA Reports Muslims Massacre 10 Civilians near Zvornik», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1992.

*29       «FRY Premier Panic in Turkey; Discussed Balkans, Bosnia», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 15 August 1992.

*30       «Muslim and Croatian Fighting in Novi Travnik: New Croatian Offensive on Trebinje», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 23 October 1992.

*31       For a more detailed discussion of the Green Berets activity, see the Geographical Analysis section below.

*32       «Humanitarian Aid Convoy Bound for Gorazde Forced to Return to Sarajevo», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 27 July 1992.

*33       «Fierce Fighting on the Main Bosnia and Herzegovina Fronts as UN Supervises Artillery», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1992.

*34       «Serbs Request Yugoslav Military Intervention in Herzegovina as Fighting Worsens», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 November 1992.

*35       See «Muslim and Croatian Fighting in Novi Travnik: New Croatian Offensive on Trebinje», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 23 October 1992; «Other Reports in Brief: Charges Brought against Muslim `Terrorists' in Banja Luka», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 3 November 1992.

*36       See an official source, IHRLI Doc. No. 5863 and No. 5867; Serbian Council Information Centre, Rape and Sexual Abuse of Serb Women, Men and Children in Areas Controlled by Croatian and Moslem Armed Formations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, 1991-1993, 15 January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 46196; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3140-3174; Unidentified Written Statement, IHRLI Doc. No. 18656.

*37       One report describes the arrest of a man in Visoko who was beaten by «policemen» for four hours and then kept on a stretcher for three days without food or water. An official source, IHRLI Doc. No. 5863.

*38       See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), 2 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28463 and 28548; Serbian Council Information Centre, Rape and Sexual Abuse of Serb Women, Men and Children in Areas Controlled by Croatian and Moslem Armed Formations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, 1991-1992, 15 January 1993.

*39       Serbian Council Information Centre, Rape and Sexual Abuse of Serb Women, Men and Children in Areas Controlled by Croatian and Moslem Armed Formations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, 1991-1992, 15 January 1993.

*40       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, «Second Report Submitted Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)», 2 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28548.

*41       Id.

*42       International Committee of the Red Cross, Memo from Team B3 in Belgrade to ECMM, 18 March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 19151; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3140-3147; Information Centre of the Democratic League of Kosova, Muslim Forces Massacre Serbs in Eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina, Victims Identified, 8 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 48032; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by Professor Biljana Plavsic to the U.N. Secretary-General and Various State Embassies, 29 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5459; «Information from Command of the Herzegovina Corps in Bileca», Vecernje Novosti, 22 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 48001.

*43       The villagers involved are reported to have come from Pazaric, Osenik, Luka, Tarcin, Japaluci, Budmolici, Gornja Bioca, Duranovici, Trzanj, and Vukovici. See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by Professor Biljana Plavsic to the U.N. Secretary-General and Various State Embassies, 29 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5459; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3140-3147.

*44       See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by Professor Biljana Plavsic to the U.N. Secretary-General and Various State Embassies, 29 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5459; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3140- 3147.

*45       Green Berets entered the camp in the village of Vitkovci to kill Serb prisoners. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted by the Charge d' Affairs to the UN Secretary-General, 6 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 48286. They were also present in the Celebici Camp in Konjic which was under the command of the HOS. Id. Reportedly they killed and beat prisoners at Viktor Bubanj in Sarajevo. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3140-3147, at 3147.

*46       Tom Post & Joel Brand, «Help from the Holy Warriors», Newsweek, 5 October 1992, at 52.

*47       Christopher Lockwood, «Muslim Nations Offer Troops», Daily Telegraph, 14 July 1993, at 14. According to Lockwood, Muslim nations depended on Western logistical support to deliver troops to BiH. He concludes that the same logistical troubles which kept the Muslim troops promised in July of 1993 from joining UN forces in the UN declared «safe havens» also limited the number of Muslim volunteers in the BiH armed forces. He states that the number of Mujahedin in BiH never exceeded three or four hundred. See also Mohamed Sid-Ahmad, «Muslim World Between Two Fires», War Report, January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 63744. However, the Belgrade Daily, Vecernje Novosti, reported that as many as 30,000 Mujahedin were operating in BiH. «Other Reports in Brief: Muslims from Abroad Settling in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgrade Daily Claims», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 September 1992.

*48       Andrew Hogg, «Arabs Join in Bosnia Battle», Sunday Times, 30 August 1992.

*49       «Some 400 Mujahedin Volunteers are Fighting with Bosnian Muslims», Agence France Presse, 22 September 1992.

*50       Andrew Hogg, «Terror Trail of the Mujahedin», Sunday Times, 27 June, 1993.

*51       The leader of the Mujahedin in BiH, an Arab by the name of Abdul Aziz, has said, «In Bosnia we have two duties, the first is jihad and the second is dawa, which means to teach correct Islam». Id.

*52       Frank Viviano, «Bosnian Croats Praying at Alter of Vengeance: Anti-Muslim Feeling Grows Among Catholics», The San Francisco Chronicle, 17 August 1993, at p. A10; Robert Adams, «Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Price of Betrayal», Inter Press Service, 15 July 1993.

*53       These counties are Bihac, Foca, Konjic, Mostar, Teslic, Travnik, and Zenica.

*54       See «Some 400 Mujahedin Volunteers Fighting with Bosnian Muslims», Agence France Presse, 22 September 1992; Andrew Hogg, «Arabs Join in Bosnia Battle», Sunday Times, 30 August 1992; see also Charles McLoed, ECMM, «Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Busovaca and Zenica», April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20178- 20546, at 20207; Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 9, 4 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 36434-36438, at 36435; US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62648, 62724, 62730, and 62756.

*55       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62648; see also Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 9, 4 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 36434-36438, at 36435; «Continuing Clashes in Northwestern Enclave Reported from Both Sides», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 December 1993.

*56       Charles McLoed, ECMM, Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Busovaca and Zenica, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20178-20546, at 20207; Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 9, 4 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 36434-36438, at 36435; US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62648, 62724, 62730, and 62756.

*57       Andrew Hogg, «Arabs Join Bosnia Battle», Sunday Times, 30 August 1992.

*58       «Continuing Clashes in Northwestern Enclave Reported form Both Sides», BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 December 1993.

*59       Andrew Hogg, «Terror Trail of the Mujahedin», Sunday Times, 27 June 1993.

*60       For a more detailed discussion of the activity of the Mujahedin, see the Geographical analysis section below.

*61       Charles McLeod, ECMM, Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Buscovaca and Zenica, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 29043-29131, at 29064; Biljaja Plavsic, Republic of Serbia Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, 30 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 48072- 48093, at 48081.

*62       Id.; US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62629; see also Charles McLeod, ECMM, Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Busovaca and Zenica, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 29043-29131, at 29072 (attack on Vitez).

*63       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62650. Media reports however claim that Croats left Travnik voluntarily. The incident was investigated by an organization, which reported that the forceful eviction did not take place.

*64       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62724.

*65       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62616, 62620, and 62715.

*66       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62730.

*67       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62720.

*68       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 1, 9 August 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 32774-32782, at 32780. The incident was investigated by an organization, which reported that it did not take place.

*69       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62756.

*70       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62614.

*71       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62752 and 62756. The village of Vrci was attacked on 25 May, and the village of Radesine was attacked on 10 June. See also Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Fifth Periodic Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/47, 17 November 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 52399-52435, at 52405 (alleging that the Mujahedin were involved in attacks at Kopjari on 21 October, Doljani on 27 and 28 June, and Maljane on 8 June). UN Special Rapporteur Mazowiecki claims that corpses of Mujahedin victims displayed evidence of protracted cruelty and mutilation.

*72       Id. at 62648 and 62756; Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 9, 4 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 36434-36438, at 36435.

*73       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62742 and 62677. For more details on the location of the Neretva living quarters, see Id. at 62739.

*74       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28533.

*75       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62648; Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 9, 4 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 36434-36438, at 36435.

*76       Letter dated 7 December 1992 from the Deputy Representative of the US to U.N. Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/24918, 8 December 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3160-3177, at 3173; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28566.

*77       Milan Vego, «The Croatian Defence Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina», Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A1-A63.

*78       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A8.

*79       Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-127, at 48124. But see Ian Katz and Maggie O'Kane, «Real Lives: In for the Kill», The Guardian, 4 February 1994 (describing members of the HOS wearing «black boiler suits»).

*80       Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-48127, at 48124.

*81       Milan Vego, «The Croatian Defence Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina», Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A1-26349A63, at 26349A9.

*82       Ian Katz and Maggie O'Kane, «Real Lives: In for the Kill», The Guardian, 4 February 1994.

*83       «Tanjug: Slovene Journal Reports Croatian Paramilitaries Trained in Slovenia», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 13 September 1993 (quoting the Slovene periodical Mladina).

*84       Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-127, at 48124.

*85       «Croat Rightist Leader Acquitted of Treason», Reuter Library Report, 5 November 1993, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*86       For a more detailed discussion of HOS paramilitary activity, see the Geographical Analysis section below.

*87       Letter dated September 22, 1992, from the Deputy Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General, U.N. Doc. S/24583 (23 September 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 87-96, at 93.

*88       Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Serbian Representative to the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1 December 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 11521-11643, at 11540.

*89       Charles McLeod, ECMM, Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Busovaca and Zenica (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 20128-20266, at 20226.

*90       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28682.

*91       Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-48127, at 48124 (explaining that the HOS ran Dretelj from early August 1992, until the HVO assumed control on 21 September).

*92       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28567.

*93       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 28679.

*94       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 28777-28788 and 28792.

*95       Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-48127, at 48278.

*96       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28592.

*97       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 28465. See also Letter Dated 6 November 1992, From the Charge D'Affaires A.I. of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the U.N. Addressed to the Secretary General, U.N. Doc. S/24779, (9 November 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 48265-48301, at 48279 (stating that several murders attributed to the HOS occurred in villages on 7 June 1992, and not in detention facilities).

*98       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28679. On 10 June, 1992, Mirsad Repak, Mile Vego and one other HOS member allegedly looted an apartment and sent the victim to Dretelj detention facility. Id.

*99       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 28602-28603 (listing burned villages in Herzegovina).

*100       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 28614-28619, 48296-48297, 48301.

*101       Terrence Sheridan, «Sarajevo's Song of the Wolves», The Plain Dealer, 9 February 1994, at 7B.

*102       Alfonso Rojo, «Sarajevo's Godfather Turns Crimebuster», The Guardian,3 June 1992, at 10-11.

*103       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*104       Terrence Sheridan, «Sarajevo's Song of the Wolves», The Plain Dealer, 9 February 1994, at 7B.

*105       Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Serbian Republic to the Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780, 1 December 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11542.

*106       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*107       «Crackdown on Bosnian Underworld», Agence France Presse, 9 November 1992.

*108       Roger Boyes, «Shadowy Irregulars Keep Alive City's Hopes», The Times, 28 August 1992.

*109       John Fullerton, «Sarajevo's `Robin Hood' in Military Power Struggle», Reuters Library Report, 21 September 1992.

*110       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*111       «Bosnian Troops Said Poised to Break Sarajevo Siege», Agence France Presse, 1 December 1992.

*112       «Tanjug Reports Bosnian Army Issues Warrant for Arrest of Former Commander», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 26 January 1993, at C1.

*113       «Bosnian Troops Said Poised to Break Sarajevo Siege», Agence France Presse, 1 December 1992.

*114       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*115       For a more detailed discussion of Juka's paramilitary activities, see the Geographical Analysis section below.

*116       Terrence Sheridan, «Sarajevo's Song of the Wolves», The Plain Dealer, 9 February 1994, at 7B.

*117       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (2 July 1993), at Annex IV, «A New Genocide Against Serbs in Konjic Area», IHRLI Doc. No. 28653.

*118       Blaine Harden, «Juka's Wolves Prowl Sarajevo Streets for Serbs, Untended Merchandise», Washington Post, 18 September 1992, at A29.

*119       Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Serbian Republic to the Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780, 1 December 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11541 and 11550.

*120       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*121       Andrew Hogg, «Robin Hood Hero Turns Enemy in Hell of Siege City», Sunday Times, 16 May 1993.

*122       Id.

*123       An official source, IHRLI Doc. No. 29760.

*124       Patrick Bishop, The Daily Telegraph, 19 February 1994, at 38.

*125       The term «counties» includes Hrtkovci, Kosovo, Pljevlja, Sandzak and Vojvodina in FRY.

*126       Although there have been no military operations between the warring factions in FRY, both Seselj's and Arkan's troops allegedly harassed the non-Serb populations in some regions of FRY.

*127       Seselj was reported to have operated in the BiH counties of: Banja Luka, Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko, Derventa, Foca, Gacko, Kalinovik, Kupres, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Nevesinje, Odzak, Pale, Prijedor, Rogatica, Sarajevo, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Zvornik. Arkan was reported to have conducted operations in the BiH counties of: Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bosanska Raca (county unknown), Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko, Doboj, Foca, Konjic, Mostar, Odzak, Pale, Prijedor, Rogatica, Sarajevo, Srebrenica, Teslic, Veljina (county unknown), Visegrad, and Zvornik.

*128       «Cetniks Reportedly Ambush Two Police Patrols», Zagreb Domestic Service, 2 April 1991.

*129       Davis C,. Isby, «Yugoslavia 1991 - Forces In Conflict», 3 Jane's Intelligence Review 394 (1991).

*130       See Der Spiegel, 5 August 1991, at 124-126, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), 5 August 1991, at 51-52 (interview with Seselj).

*131       Salih Zvizdic, «Arkan's Life, Crimes, Prison Release Viewed», Vjesnik, 12 April 1992.

*132       Id.

*133       Scepan Vukovic, «Arkan Interviewed on Life War Arrest», Pobjeda, 13 January 1992.

*134       European Community Monitoring Mission, Information Section Briefing -Arkan, File 1002, IHRLI Doc. No. 25141-25142.

*135       Id.

*136       Id.

*137       Internal Commission of Experts' Memo to Chairman Cherif Bassiouni from Anton Kempenaars, Assistant to the Commission, 7 December 1993.

*138       See Der Spiegel, 5 August 1991, at 124-126, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), 5 August 1991, at 51-52 (interview with Vojislav Seselj).

*139       See section on Vojislav Seselj below for a more detailed discussion.

*140       Chuck Sudetic, «A Shady Militia Chief Arouses Serbs», New York Times, 20 December 1992, at § 1 at 12. Arkan also testified in his 1986 trial for assaulting a man in an elevator that he worked «for the Federal Interior Ministry in the Division of Foreign Emigres.» Id.

*141       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6. Seselj also alleges that the security service of the Yugoslav Army's main headquarters had received orders from government officials to attribute all misdeeds of Arkan's forces to SRS volunteers. «Seselj Accuses Socialists of Putting Blame for War Crimes on His Party», BBC, 30 October 1993.

*142       Jonathan S. Linday, «Belgrade Regime Tied to Alleged War Crimes», The Christian Science Monitor, 26 November 1993, at 6.

*143       Salih Zvizdic, «Arkan's Life, Crimes, Prison Release Viewed», Vjesnik, 12 April 1992.

*144       George Rodrigue, «Serbs Systematic in Ridding Region of Muslims, Many Say: Bosnia Corridor Considered Crucial to `Republic'», The Dallas Morning News, 27 December 1992.

*145       C.D. Popovic, «Zeljko Raznjatovic Arkan Denies Rumors about his Leaving the Front in the Republic Serbian Krajina», Novosti, 23 February 1993.

*146       Id.

*147       Carol J. Williams, «A People Poisoned by Chaos: In What Remains of Yugoslavia, a Sense of Injustice is Pervasive and Violent Crime is Skyrocketing», Los Angeles Times, 27 March 1993, at A1.

*148       See the discussion of Seselj's personal history below for a more detailed account of his political activities.

*149       Blaine Hardin, «Old Worlds, New Maps; Myth and Memory in Yugoslavia: A House Divided Risks Civil War», Washington Post, 23 June 1991, at B1; Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Chetniks: the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1.

*150       See the section on the personal history of Arkan for a more detailed discussion of his political career.

*151       See John Kifner, «An Outlaw in the Balkans is Basking in the Spotlight», New York Times, 23 November 1993; «Nationalist Leads Serb Campaign», Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1993, at 14; Milos Vanic, «The December Vote: Slobodan and Arkan's Flying Circus», War Report, December 1993.

*152       Blaine Harden, «Serbs Accused of '91 Croatian Massacre: U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken from Hospital and Shot», The Washington Post, 26 January 1993.

*153       UNPROFOR Local Press Summary--Belgrade, 29 September 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 42678-42681 at 42680.

*154       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», The New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6.

*155       Id.

*156       For a more detailed discussion of the alleged activities of Seselj's and Arkan's forces, see the Geographical Analysis section of Part I of this report.

*157       Arkan reportedly led the attacks on Bijeljina, Brcko, and Zvornik despite the presence of the JNA and other Serb forces.

*158       Arkan has stated that his troops were under the command of the JNA in the Vukovar operation.

*159       In the Vukovar village of Jagodnjak in April 1991, a speech by Seselj prompted the local Croatian authorities to issue a warrant for his arrest for provoking and fomenting national hatred and intolerance between Croatians and Serbs. Seventeen days later the Serbs launched an attack in the area.

*160       In Zvornik, Arkan was an active participant in the negotiations for a peaceful surrender of the village. However, he led the military operations to seize control of the village after becoming dissatisfied with these negotiations.

*161       Killing of civilians by Seselj's and Arkan's troops was reported in the following counties: Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko (allegedly 3,000), Derventa, Dragovci, Foca, Gacko, Kupres, Maglaj, Prijedor, Rogatica, Sarajevo, Srebrenica, Visegrad, and Zvornik in BiH and Beli Manastir, Petrinja, Podravska Slatina, Skabrnje, and Vukovar in Croatia.

*162       In Sarajevo, for example, Seselj's forces ran the Sonja Cafe and Hotel in which Muslim women were raped, and some subsequently killed, by Serb soldiers. There were also allegations of rape in the following counties: Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko, Derventa, Doboj, Foca, Gacko, Konjic, Kupres, Mostar, Nevesinje, Odzak, Prijedor, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Teslic, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Zvornik in BiH and Benkovac, Knin, Osijek, and Vukovar in Croatia.

*163       Looting was reported in the following counties: Banja Luka, Bratunac, Brcko, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Teslic, and Zvornik in BiH and Vukovar in Croatia.

*164       The destruction or burning of homes belonging to non-Serbs was reported in the following counties: Banja Luka, Dragovci, Doboj, Gacko, Maglaj, Prijedor, Rogatica, Teslic, and Zvornik in BiH and Vukovar in Croatia. Seselj's and Arkan's forces also targeted cultural and religious property. In Banja Luka, for example, two historic mosques were destroyed after Seselj, reportedly said, «Is it possible that they are still standing?»

*165       Prison camps were reported in the following counties in which Seselj and Arkan were operating: Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bosanski Samac, Bratunac, Brcko, Derventa, Doboj, Dragovci, Foca, Gacko, Kalinovik, Konjic, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Nevesinje, Odzak, Pale, Prijedor, Rogatica, Sanski Most, Sarajevo, Srebrenica, Teslic, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Zvornik in BiH and Beli Manastir, Knin, and Vukovar in Croatia.

*166       In Zvornik, for example, at a meeting held in April 1992, Seselj read names from a list of local Muslim intellectuals to an audience comprised of local Serbs and members of the Arkanovci, Seseljovci, and White Eagles. Those on the list were to be killed.

*167       In Brcko, for example, it was reported that after the initial occupation by Arkan's and Seselj's forces, a new group would be in charge every two weeks.

*168       In Zvornik, a conflict arose between Arkan and a local paramilitary leader when Arkan remained in control of the town for too long. Although control was eventually given to the local leader, at least one of Arkan's men, Major Vojkan Djurkovic, remained in a key position as head of the «population exchange commission». In the Krajina region, Arkan's continued involvement in local politics prompted the commander of the HQ of the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, Mile Novakovic, to issue an order for the withdrawal of Arkan's troops from the region.

*169       Carol J. Williams, «Balkans' Graveyard of Hatred; There's been a Spate of War-Victim Remembrances in Yugoslavia's `Bible Belt': Some Fear that Old Wounds are Being Reopened», Los Angeles Times, 17 August 1991, at A1. There have been media reports, however, that allege that Seselj is a Slovene and reports that he is of Croatian origin. Slavoljub Scekic, «Who Is the Serb of Croatian Origin?» Pobjeda, 21 March 1993.

*170       David Begoun, «Potential Presidential Challenger Serbia's Fastest-Rising Nationalist Leader», The San Francisco Chronicle, 7 June 1993, at A12. According to a classmate, Seselj would beat up fellow students he thought were too nationalistic or insufficiently Marxist. Blaine Harden, «Serbia's Treacherous Gang of Three», The Washington Post, 7 February 1993, at C1.

*171       David Begoun, «Potential Presidential Challenger Serbia's Fastest-Rising Nationalist Leader», The San Francisco Chronicle, 7 June 1993, at A12.

*172       Id.

*173       Bradley Graham, «Yugoslavia Draws Unwanted Attention with Trial of 6 Dissidents», The Washington Post, 11 December 1984, at A21.

*174       Eric Bourne, «Yugoslavia Shaken by Recent Political Trial», The Christian Science Monitor, 7 August 1984, at 9; «Yugoslav Court Convicts a University Lecturer», The New York Times, 10 July 1984, at A5. The unpublished paper also proposed that the six Yugoslav republics and two autonomous provinces be consolidated into four republics. Bradley Graham, «Yugoslavia Draws Unwanted Attention with Trial of 6 Dissidents», The Washington Post, 11 December 1984, at A21.

*175       Eric Bourne, «Yugoslavia Shaken by Recent Political Trial», The Christian Science Monitor, 7 August 1984, at 9; Bradley Graham, «Yugoslavia Draws Unwanted Attention with Trial of 6 Dissidents», The Washington Post, 11 December 1984; «Yugoslav Court Convicts A University Lecturer», The New York Times, 10 July 1984, at A5.

*176       Blaine Harden, «Serbia's Treacherous Gang of Three», The Washington Post, 7 February 1993, at C1. Seselj went on a 46 day hunger strike in protest over his being tortured. Adrian W. DeWind, «Yugoslav Repression», The Washington Post, 16 July 1984, at A23; James M. Markam, «Despite Trial, Talk is Lively in Yugoslavia», The New York Times, 13 February 1985, at A11.

*177       Blaine Harden, «Serbia's Treacherous Gang of Three», The Washington Post, 7 February 1993, at C1. One Belgrade academic colleague said, «When he came out of prison, he was disturbed, totally lost and out of his mind». Id.

*178       Id.

*179       Id.

*180       «Serbian Alternative Parties Meet», Tanjug, 9 March 1990. At the March meeting of the alternative parties, Seselj stated his party's position that a state of war be declared in Kosovo, a military administration be established, and that people be moved to a 50 kilometre zone along the Albania border for Army control. Id. These positions were agreed upon by the other parties in attendance. Id.

*181       «Split in Serbian National Renaissance Cited», Tanjug, 14 March 1990. Vuk Draskovic was the leader of the party which he said would fight «for an order that will rid the Serbian people of communists, papists and other shackles». Id. The Serbian Renaissance movement founded the paramilitary unit the White Eagles. European Community Monitoring Mission, Memo Regarding «White Eagles», 1 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25126. A more comprehensive discussion of the White Eagles follows.

*182       Bojan Veselinovic, «Crowds Demand Early Multiparty Serbian Elections», Ljubljana, 13 June 1990.

*183       Id. Loudly singing members of his party disrupted a demonstration being held by opposition parties trying to force early elections. Id. Security forces prevented Seselj's followers from getting out of control but not before Seselj sent his guards after Vuk Draskovic's bodyguard. Vojko Flegar, «The Serbs in the Cauldron», Ljubljana Delo, 14 June 1990.

*184       «Serbian Radical Party Leader Calls for Calm», Belgrade Tanjug, 12 March 1991.

*185       Nenad Lj. Stefanovic, «Claimant to Leadership», Vreme, 28 December 1992.

*186       Id.

*187       Id. «Seselj himself was mainly described and perceived in personal terms as a grotesque figure and a disappointed man.» Id.

*188       Michael Montegomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Chetniks: the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an Old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1; «Serbian Radical Party Leader Calls for Calm», Tanjug, 12 March 1991.

*189       Stana Ristic, «The Radicals Are on the Offensive», Politika, 22 April 1991.

*190       Momcilo Boskovic, «Demonstrators Praise Volunteers in Borovo», Belgrade Domestic Service, 4 May 1991. One such demonstration took place on the steps of the Josip Broz Tito Memorial Centre in front of 3,000 to 4,000 participants protesting an altercation in Croatia that resulted in Serbian casualties. Seselj was demanding that the remains of Tito be returned to Croatia. Id. Although frequently interrupted with chants of «We want arms, a Serbian army, and warlord, warlord we will kill Ustasas, and we will kill Tudjman», Seselj addressed the crowd with the following: «The Serbian people [have] already passed a sentence on Tudjman. The blood of the Serbian people that was shed will not be unrevenged. The Serbian people of the heroic Serbian Krajina, heroic Serbian Slavonia, Serbian Baranja, and the Western Srem are resisting fierce attacks by Ustasha bandits. Therefore, Serbs and our sister Serbs, Serbs from this reduced Serbia and other Serbian lands are also fighting arm in arm with Serbs in Croatia.» Id.

*191       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Cetniks: the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1; «Serbian Radical Party Leader Wins Assembly Seat», Tanjug, 17 June 1991.

*192       Blaine Harden, «Old Worlds, New Maps; Myth and Memory in Yugoslavia: A House Divided Risks Civil War», The Washington Post, 23 June, 1991, at B1; Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord; World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Chetniks; the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1.

*193       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord; World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Chetniks; the Disenchanted are Breathing new Life into an old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1. In an interview on 22 March 1992, Milosevic, in response to a question about Seselj, commented: «I respect Seselj because he is consistent in his political beliefs and because I believe that both he and his party are not financially dependent on foreign sources». «Milosevic Interviewed on Royal Family, Seselj», Tanjug, 22 March 1992. Milosevic has also referred to Seselj as his «favorite opposition politician». Blaine Harden, «Serbia Seems unmoved by Western Warnings; Belgrade Presses Offensive in Bosnia», The Washington Post, 17 April 1992, at A25.

*194       Gwynne Dyer, «How will it End in Yugoslavia?» The Washington Times, 17 November 1991, at B4. In response to the possibility of United Nations or European intervention to end the war, Sesslj stated: «If the West interferes, tens of thousands of Western soldiers will be killed. It will be total war, a war without mercy....We would poison their food, we would poison their water. There is no means we would not use against foreign intervention.» Id.

*195       «End Sanctions, Serb Authorities Say: They Cite Comments in U.N. Report», Star Tribune, 5 June 1992, at 2A. Vuk Draskovic, a former ally of Seselj's, led a campaign by his and other opposition parties boycotting the election and denouncing the results. Id. An attempt was made on Seselj's life a few days before the election. Adam Sabotic, a Moslem, threw a bomb in the car waiting to take Seselj from a political rally he was attending. «Muslim Alleged Responsible in Attack on Seselj», Tanjug, 26 May 1992. Seselj was not injured, but 61 other people were. Id. Less than two weeks after the election, on 11 June, taxi drivers in Belgrade tied up traffic around government buildings in protest over gas rationing. Michael T. Kaufman, «Effects of War Come Home to Belgrade», The New York Times, 14 June 1992, at 24. The protest became violent when Seselj allegedly traded punches with one of the drivers. Id. During the scuffle, according to Belgrade police, a shot was fired by one of Seselj's men. «Shooting Occurs at Belgrade Taxi Protest», Tanjug, 11 June 1992. There were no casualties. Id.

*196       Seselj is not a typical opposition leader. Seselj, discussing the SRS relation with Milosevic's Serbian Democratic Party (SPS), stated before the election: «We are collaborating with the SPS, supporting its endeavors to change itself. As for reproaches that we are excessively inclined toward the SPS, I say we have not changed anything in our program, but perhaps others have inclined in our direction.» Nenad Lj. Stefanovic, «Claimant to Leadership», Vreme, 28 December 1992. Seselj, however, often zealously supports Milosevic. Seselj was quoted as saying, «Milosevic's opponents should be assured that if they try to overthrow him, we will shoot them». Jonathan S. Landay, «UN Sanctions Jolt Serbs into Resistance to Milosevic Regime», The Christian Science Monitor, 15 June 1992, at 1. When student organizers were planning large demonstrations against Milosevic, they received threats reportedly from Seselj's men. «Sarajevo Radio Views FRY Political Scene», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia- Herzegovina Network, 23 June 1992. The students proceeded with the peaceful demonstration, at which Seselj took out his gun and threatened to use it against them. «Students Demand Arrest of Radical Party Leader», Tanjug, 10 June 1992.

*197       Nenad Lj. Stefanovic, «Claimant to Leadership», Vreme, 20 December 1992. The election was held only days after United States Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger named Seselj as a war criminal. Don Oberdorfer, «A Bloody Failure in the Balkans: Prompt Allied Action Might Have Averted Factional Warfare», The Washington Post, 8 February 1993, at A1. In an interview Seselj called Eagleburger's attack the secret to his success and «a certificate of honor and patriotism». Id.

*198       Id. The surprisingly strong showing caused pollsters to say that they either made a mistake or that the results were fixed. Id. The gains were impressive as the SRS had not conducted a visible campaign and did not hold a single rally. Instead, Seselj used all his free television exposure to praise Milosevic. Id. SRS support came from those that agreed with the ideals of Milosevic's party but were disappointed with the slow government pace in resolving the question of a united Serbia. Id.

*199       Jonathan S. Landay, «Vote puts Serbia on Road to Isolation and Hardship», The Christian Science Monitor, 24 December 1992, at 1; «Election Fair, Serb Panel Declares», Chicago Tribune, 25 December 1992, at 16.

*200       «Hard-line Serbs Vote to Oust Panic», St. Petersburg Times, 30 December 1992, at 13A; Christopher Spolar, «Nationalists Oust Yugoslav Premier: Serbian Radicals Strip Panic of Office in Overwhelming Vote of No Confidence», The Washington Post, 30 December 1992, at A14; Chuck Sudetic, «Yugoslav Premier Ousted by Foes 6 Months After Return from U.S.», The New York Times, 30 December 1992, at A1. This was the second time Seselj proposed a vote of no- confidence. The first was in September of 1992. Carol Williams, «Belgrade Ties Frayed on Panic Issue: Politics: Premier's Survival may Indicate Maneuvering to Undercut Serb Strongman Milosevic», Los Angeles Times, 6 September 1992, at A5. The first attempt was in response to Panic suggesting acceptance of the pre-war republic borders as a condition of peace. Id. He accused Panic of taking «orders from some enemy Western powers». Id. Although this attempt fell short, Seselj continued his attack on Panic. In response to Yugoslavia's expulsion from the United Nations later in September, Seselj stated: «Milan Panic held talks with foreign ministers of the five permanent members of the Security Council and, according to all reports, all of them supported him, all of them paid him respect, all of them gave him promises, which means they support Panic as head of the Yugoslav government, but as a traitor to Yugoslavia who will conclude their business for them here in Belgrade.» «. . . Prime Minister Panic is again working as in the past, he is violating the constitution and the positive legal regulations of this country, thus demonstrating that he cannot retain the position as head of the federal government.» «Draskovic, Seselj Comment on UN Decision», Belgrade RTB Television Network, 23 September 1992. In a speech in parliament before the successful no- confidence vote, Seselj called Panic a traitor and foreign agent guilty of embezzlement and acts against the Serbian people's interests. Chuck Sudetic, «Yugoslav Premier Ousted by Foes 6 Months after Return from U.S.», The New York Times, 30 December 1992, at A1. Seselj also indicated that Panic would end up in jail. Id.

*201       Ray Moseley, «Serb Leader Crowding out his Operation», Chicago Tribune, 1 February 1993, at 1.

*202       David B. Ottaway, «Serbian Leadership Divided Over U.N.-Backed Plan for Bosnian», The Washington Post, 4 May 1993; «Bosnia Serbs Face Aid Cutoff: Yugoslavia, Serbia Angered by Rejection of Peace Plan», Star Tribune, 7 May 1993, at A1.

*203       «Bosnian Serbs Face Aid Cutoff: Yugoslavia, Serbia Angered by Rejection of Peace Plan», Star Tribune, 7 May 1993, at 1A.

*204       David Ottaway, «Serbian Leadership Divided Over U.N.-Backed Plan for Bosnian», The Washington Post, 4 May 1993, at A17. These remarks were not reported on the state-run television. Id.

*205       Linnet Myers, «Bickering Serbs Talk Peace as War Rages», Chicago Tribune, 15 May 1993, at 1.

*206       Id.

*207       John F. Burns, «Conflict in the Balkans; Nationalist Says Serbs' Rejection of Pact Means the End of Bosnia», The New York Times, 17 May 1993, at A1. The campaign against the plan was helped by the presence of Seselj in Pale, the capital of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. John Pomfret, «Peace Plan Dead, Serb Leader Says; Karadzic Demand 3 States in Bosnia», The Washington Post, 17 May 1993, at A1.

*208       David Begoun, «Serbia Coalition Shows Signs of Coming Apart, Milosevic's Alliance with Extreme Right in Question», The San Francisco Chronicle, 29 May 1993, at A8. Milosevic could not control parliament without a coalition. If he lost the support of Seselj's SRS, then he would be forced into a more moderate position to forge a coalition with the moderate opposition parties. Id. However, Seselj's power relies heavily on access to the state-controlled television which Milosevic could deny. Id.

*209       James Rupert, «Yugoslav President Removed in Serb Nationalist Showdown», The Washington Post, 1 June 1993, at A12.

*210       After Croatia attacked the Serbian enclave near the Adriatic Sea in January 1993, Seselj demanded Cosic's resignation and referred to him as a traitor. Laura Silber, «Yugoslav Army Alerted as Battles Rage in Croatia, Bosnia», Los Angeles Times, 26 January 1993, at A10; Wilbur G. Landrey, «Crackdown a Brain Drain for Serbia», St. Petersburg Times, 1 February 1993, at 1A.

*211       John Darnton, «Belgrade Riots Follow President's Ouster», The New York Times, 2 June 1993, at A10.

*212       Linnet Myers, «Ultra-Nationalist Winning in Serbian Power Play», Chicago Tribune, 7 June 1993, at 7; «Belgrade Riots Lead to Arrest of Opposition Leader», The Christian Science Monitor, 3 June 1993, at 6.

*213       Linnet Myers, «Yugoslavia Asks Ban on Moderates», Chicago Tribune, 4 June 1993, at 7.

*214       John Darnton, «Serbians Veer Closer to Their Extreme Edge», The New York Times, 6 June 1993, at 5.

*215       UNPROFOR Local Press Summary-Belgrade, 28 September 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 42673-42676, at 42675; Zoran Jelicic, «The Price of Pride», Vreme, 27 September 1993, at 9. Seselj had formed a shadow cabinet a week before the announcement of the vote of no- confidence. European Community Monitoring Mission, Weekly Summary for the Week of 19 to 25 September 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 42682-42688, at 42684.

*216       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs Are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», The New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6.

*217       UNPROFOR Local Press Summary - Belgrade, 29 September 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 42678-42681, at 42680. According to one published report, a hallmark of Milosevic is comprehensive files he keeps on the activities of his political allies. If these people turn against him, or need to be disposed of for political reasons, the compromising material is leaked to the state-controlled media. Ian Traynor, «Serb Enemies Trade Claims of War Crimes», 15 December 1993.

*218       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», The New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6.

*219       Stan Markotich, «Serbia», RFE/RL Research Report, 22 April 1994, at 97, citing Radio Serbia, 5 and 6 November 1993.

*220       Jonathan S. Landay, «Belgrade Regime Tied to Alleged War Crimes», The Christian Science Monitor, 26 November 1993, at 6.

*221       Id.

*222       Id. Seselj alleges that the security service of the Yugoslav Army's main headquarters had received orders, not from its military superiors but from Radmilo Bogdanovic (former Serbian Interior Minister) to attribute all the misdeeds committed by the Red Berets and Arkan's paramilitary units to SRS volunteers. «Seselj Accuses Socialists of Putting Blame for War Crimes on His Party», BBC, 30 October 1993.

*223       Id.

*224       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», The New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6.

*225       Id.

*226       Jonathan S. Linday, «Belgrade Regime Tied to Alleged War Crimes», The Christian Science Monitor, 26 November 1993, at 6.

*227       Jonathan S. Landay, «Serbian Opposition Tripped by Early Elections», The Christian Science Monitor, 27 October 1993, at 1. «Opposition? What Opposition?», The Economist, 30 October 1993, at 61.

*228       UNPROFOR Press Summary--Belgrade, 26 October 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 45402-45407, at 45406. Seselj claimed there had been several such attempts, including an automatic weapon, which Seselj claims was planted, found in a hotel room of a SRS parliamentary deputy. Id.

*229       «SPS Spokesman on Party's `Convincing Victory'», Belgrade Radio, 22 December 1993.

*230       Id.

*231       See Stephen Engelberg, «Serbia Sending Supplies to Compatriots in Croatia», The New York Times, 27 July 1991, at 3, wherein Seselj acknowledges training and arming a contingent of fighters he calls «Cetniks». But see Yiorgos Harvalias, «We Must Parcel It Out», Eleftheros Tipos, 1 November 1992, in which Seselj stated: «We have no connection with paramilitary bands. Only some of our followers joined voluntarily when the war with Croatia broke out and were quickly incorporated into the Serbian army fighting in that region. Later we had cases of followers who joined the Serbian military forces in Bosnia. At this moment, however, we have no connection with paramilitary groups and our party machinery has no military character.»

*232       White Eagles and «Cetniks» are names associated with several paramilitary units and also are used when referring generically to Serbian soldiers. Therefore, only those reports that specifically link a White Eagle or Cetnik unit to Seselj are included in this section of the report.

*233       «Nearly 70,000 Illegal Fighters at Large in Serbia», Agence France Presse, 7 October 1993.

*234       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Cetniks; the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an Old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1. Seselj's use of this name has made it more difficult to determine what alleged atrocities his men may be guilty of because Croatian and Muslim victims, remembering World War II, use «Cetnik» as a generic term for Serbian soldier.

*235       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Cetniks; the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an Old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1.

*236       Id.

*237       Stephen Engleberg, «Serbia Sending Supplies to Compatriots in Croatia», The New York Times, 27 July 1991, at 3.

*238       The White Eagles is the militant youth organization within the Chetnik organization. V.K. «Does Neofacism Threaten Yugoslavia?», Borba, 6 June 1991. The White Eagles most resemble the Cetniks of World War II. P.D., «Party Armies in Yugoslavia», Danas, 1 October 1991. They are trained in Serbia and are under the command of Mirko Jovic and Dragoslav Bokan. Id.

*239       Dejan Anastasijevic, «Eagles with Clipped Wings», Vreme, 22 November 1993.

*240       Id.

*241       European Community Monitoring Mission Memo on the White Eagles, 1 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25126.

*242       Id.

*243       V.K., M.M., & G.K., «Does Neofascism Threaten Yugoslavia?», Borba, 6 June 1991. In an interview Dragoslav Bokan said of the White Eagles: «I wanted the young to be involved in the national issue, so I thought of renewing the »Eagles«. The name attracted the kids who were putting up posters all over the city so we drew a considerable membership. There were quite a few of them who had broken the law previously, but I tried to turn them into decent people and protect them from political manipulation. Many of them were pacifists. I was an ideologist, a kind of political commissar. The war broke out in the middle of our engagement. I simply had to act. Anything else would have only been phrases. There were a number of boys whose families were killed by Ustasi during the last war. I am one of them. They arrived and we sent them.» Dejan Anastasijevic, «Eagles with Clipped Wings», Vreme, 22 November 1993. The organization was financed by donations, and the training of young members was conducted in military camps under the guidance of top athletes and priests who educated them about Orthodox virtues. V.K., M.M. & G.K., «Does Neofascism Threaten Yugoslavia?», Borba, 6 June 1991. There were three camps: one on Ravna Gora, a second near Belgrade, and a third in Kosovo. Id. The association with the SPO weakened when Jovic did not want the party to be accused by the Serbian Regime of being responsible for war crimes. European Community Monitoring Mission, Memo on the White Eagles, 1 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25126. The White Eagles remain under the command of Bokan who, on several occasions, has been arrested and interrogated by government officials. Id. However, he claims that his troops at the front were under the command of and armed by the local territorial defence units. Dejan Anastasijevic, «Eagles with Clipped Wings», Vreme, 22 November 1993. Bokan also said that his troops were not put under the command of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. He explained that they never offered because they knew he would not agree to it. Id. Bokan indicated that his troops were not allowed to seize an area which would be kept under their control. Id. He said that they would make offers to transfer his people to other units such as those of Captain Dragan or the Red Berets. Id. After surviving several assassination attempts, Bokan split with the SPO and now claims to be devoting his life to reflection. Id.; European Community Monitoring Mission, Memo on the White Eagles, 1 July 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25126. Bokan denies committing war crimes and states that one reason he is disliked by the Serbian Regime is his punishment of persons under his command who committed war crimes. Dejan Anastasijevic, «Eagles with Clipped Wings», Vreme, 22 November 1993. Bokan stated: «No one in my vicinity ever raped anybody, and if he did, he had to pay for it dearly . . . .» «The other day I gave a long interview to BBC television. They asked me whether I was ready for a hearing by an international commission for war crimes. I replied that I would first like to see the documents they are charging me with. But, I would be a poor example for such a trial. I don't belong to the same bag with the people on the list of Helsinki Watch.» «. . . Even the Croatian press wrote about me with a certain dose of respect. They also predict that I will be sacrificed, and even they draw a distinction between me and the others on the list. I believe that such a process would do me more good [than] harm, compared to Seselj.» Id.

*244       Stephen Engleberg, «Serbia Sending Supplies to Compatriots in Croatia», The New York Times, 27 July 1991, at 1.

*245       V.K., «Does Neofacism Threaten Yugoslavia?», Borba, 6 June 1991.

*246       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on For Militant Serb Cetniks: the Disenchanted are Breathing New Life into an Old Movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1.

*247       Id.

*248       Id.

*249       Id. Seselj went on Serbian television with a Thompson sub- machine-gun, explained its operation, and described how the «victims eyes fall out» when they are shot in the head. Nenad Lj. Stefanovic, «Claimant to Leadership», Vreme, 28 December 1992.

*250       Id. Blaine Harden, «Old Hatreds, New Allies Spur Serbs: Guerrilla Group Battling Croats», The Washington Post, 28 July 1991, at A1. These guns are difficult to buy in large quantities from arms dealers. Id. However, the US Government provided thousands of Thompsons to the Yugoslav army in the early 1950's as part of a military aid programme. Id. They were standard issue for the Yugoslav army until the 1970's when they were put in storage. Id.

*251       Blaine Harden, «Old Hatreds, New Allies Spur Serbs: Guerrilla Group Battling Croats», The Washington Post, 28 July 1991, at A1.

*252       Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 1 February 1993.

*253       Id.

*254       Id. The inspectors who had dealings with him at the time say that [Arkan] was unusually strong for his age and as agile as a top, never dirty or sloven, always clean and properly dressed. In their first encounters he confused them. During one of the first arrests, at the age of 14 or 15, two inspectors found him in a Cubura pastry shop. Without enough experience, they thought that arresting [Arkan] would be a routine matter. But [Arkan] resisted stubbornly, slipped away, and deftly escaped until the policemen realized that in this case they would have to apply treatment intended for much older delinquents. «If he had gone out for any sport, he certainly would have achieved extraordinary results. That was just the way he was-capable of anything,» one Belgrade policeman stated. Id.

*255       Id.

*256       «Serbian Hit Man», The Washington Post, 9 January 1993, at A20.

*257       Chuck Sudetic, A Shady Militia Chief Arouses Serbs, 20 December 1992, at 12.

*258       Id. Arkan, along with Slobodan Kostovski and Carlo Fabiani, an Italian citizen, are suspected in a 5 September 1979 armed robbery in a bank in Stockholm. Fabiani was arrested and on 11 September 1979, he was taken to the City Court of Stockholm for a court hearing. When Fabiani was taken into the courtroom, Arkan and Kostovski reportedly helped him escape by firing several gunshots at the guards. On 21 September 1979, this same group is alleged to have committed armed robbery in a large department store in Gothenburg before moving on to the Netherlands. Memo to M. Cherif Bassiouni, Chairman, Commission of Experts, from Christina Steen Sundberg, Chief Prosecutor, Stockholm, Sweden, 18 November 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 52361-52365.

*259       See «Serbia's Treacherous Gang of Three», The Washington Post, 7 February 1993, at C1; Cook Report. Goran Vukovic, a Serbian criminal known as the murderer of Ljuba Zemunac, said the following about Arkan's skill as a bank robber: «Of all of us, Arkan robbed the most banks: He walked into them almost like they were self-service stores. No one can quarrel with that fact about him. I don't know about politics, but as far as robbery is concerned, he was really unsurpassed. That is all he has done his entire life. Banks were his specialty, as well as spectacular escapes from prison. He managed to escape from the same prison two or three times. He even escaped from the Germans.» Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 1 February 1993.

*260       Chuck Sudetic, «A Shady Militia Chief Arouses Serbs», The New York Times, 20 December 1992, at 12. Some reports have suggested that Arkan's father offered Arkan's services to Stane Dolanc, head of the SSUP, so that his son could expend his surplus energy, skill, and intelligence usefully. Id.; see also Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 1 February 1993. Arkan also had close relations with some of Tito's generals, including Jovo Popovic, who is thought to be largely responsible for Arkan's physical and mental conditioning. Id.

*261       Chuck Sudetic, «A Shady Militia Chief Arouses Serbs», The New York Times, 20 December 1992, at 12.

*262       Id.

*263       Id.

*264       Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 2 February 1993. An example of this was in early 1986 when Arkan beat someone up in an elevator after losing money gambling. The SSUP tried to clear Arkan of responsibility while the city police sought the harshest punishment possible. The court refused to exonerate Arkan because a search of his house revealed an arsenal of weapons, identification cards from several different countries, 11 passports from nearly every European country and the United States, a diplomatic passport and six press passports. Still he was only sentenced to eight months in prison. Id.

*265       Id. Allegedly, when at the casinos, if Arkan won, he would demand payment immediately. If he lost, he would use his gun to insure that he did not have to pay his debt. Id.

*266       Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 2 February 1993.

*267       David Firestone, «Safety in Parliament; U.S. Calls Serbian Politician Vicious Killer», Newsday, 1 January 1993, at 4.

*268       Id.

*269       Dada Vujasinovic, «Biographic Data on Serbian Fighter Arkan», Duga, 1 February 1993. The Serbian Minister of Interior publicly stated during the March 1991 demonstrations in Belgrade that «the demonstrators would have got what they deserved had Arkan not been [in prison] in Croatia». European Community Monitoring Mission, Information Section Briefing - Arkan, File 1002, IHRLI Doc. No. 25141-25142.

*270       European Community Monitoring Mission, Information Section Briefing -Arkan, File 1002, IHRLI Doc. No. 25141-25142. There was anoher incident involving a political party in opposition to Milosevic, namely the party led by Sesej. Seselj tried to enter a soccer match with a group of his supporters but wasdenied entrance by security. This resulted in an uprising at the stadium. Arkan intervened in support of security officials and argued to bar Seselj from the game because of the politically divisive effect on the fans. Eyewitnesses say that during the meeting between Arkan and Seselj, their first, the conversation was the following: «`Do you know who I am? Do you know how many people I have killed for the fatherland?' Arkan asked.» «`No, I don't. I have not killed a single one, but I will begin with you. I will strangle you with my bare hands.' Seselj responded.» Id.

*271       Salih Zvizdic, «Arkan's Life, Crimes, Prison Release Viewed», Vjesnik, 12 April 1992.

*272       Id.

*273       Andrew Bilski, «Wild in the Streets; Lawlessness in Belgrade is a Brutal Extension of Wars in Bosnia and Croatia--and it is Worsening», Maclean's, 14 December 1992, at 20.

*274       «World News Tonight with Peter Jennings», American Broadcasting Corporation, 7 June 1993. One Belgrade journalist who traveled with Arkan for several weeks stated: «I saw Arkan in his white Pajero driving in and out of eastern Croatia in the fall of 1991. He was supervising as his men drove truck after truck of plunder across the Danube into Serbia. They were taking blankets, tires, shoes and whiskey.» Blaine Harden, «Serbia's Treacherous Gang of Three», The Washington Post, 7 February 1993, at C1.

*275       Carol J. Williams, «A People Poisoned by Chaos: In What Remains of Yugoslavia, a Sense of Injustice is Pervasive and Violent Crime is Skyrocketing. Experts Fear that what is also Growing is a Dangerous National Psychosis», The Los Angeles Times, 27 March 1993, at A1.

*276       Id.

*277       «Serbia; Beyond the Ultras», The Economist, 5 June 1993, at 56. There are several private banks in Belgrade offering outrageous interest rates to encourage deposits. The banks' interest rates are 10 per cent a month for foreign currency and 70 per cent for dinars. The interest payments provide the only means of support for most of the unemployed. However, as one Western diplomat stated: «These banks are going to crumble like houses of cards one of these days . . . It's pretty sure they are laundering Bosnian loot - but it defies any kind of logic that they can keep it up.» Louise Branson, «Young Gangs Rule Belgrade Streets», The Christian Science Monitor, 6 November 1992, at 2. Arkan is said to have sent armed men to Belgrade's black market areas to threaten rivals who offer a higher rate of return on investors' money than he does. Andrew Bilski, «Wild in the Streets; Lawlessness in Belgrade is a Brutal Extension of Wars in Bosnia and Croatia--and its Worsening», Maclean's, 14 December 1992, at 20. It is also reported that Arkan owns a «pizzeria» in Erdut near his training facility. Internal Memo of the Commission of Experts to M. Cherif Bassiouni, Chairman, from Anton Kempenaars, Assistant to the Commission, 7 December 1993.

*278       «World News Tonight with Peter Jennings», American Broadcasting Corporation, 7 June 1993. The Serbian Orthodox Church often blesses these boxing matches. Id.

*279       Id. Arkan allegedly received as much as $1,000 per month from each business he protected. Id.

*280       Id.

*281       Andrew Bilski, «Wild in the Streets; Lawlessness in Belgrade is a Brutal Extension of Wars in Bosnia and Croatia--and its Worsening», Maclean's, 14 December 1992, at 20. In the summer of 1992, Montenegrin police arrested Alexander Knezevic, a Belgrade gangster later killed on 28 October 1992 (possibly by Arkan because Knezevic was gaining power). After Knezevic was charged with killing another gangster, Serbia's interior ministry won his release and dispatched a helicopter to return him to Belgrade. Id. In another incident involving Knezevic, during an anti- government demonstration in Belgrade's main Terazije Square, police withdrew moments before members of Knezevic's gang began beating up the student protestors. Id. Another indication of government or police involvement in Belgrade's organized crime is that with a force of 40,000 men only one in every 14 reported crimes was solved last year. «World News Tonight with Peter Jennings», American Broadcasting Corporation, 7 June 1993. In an ABC interview an anonymous Arkan insider stated: «It is certain that the police are involved with the highest government officials. In my opinion, up [as high as] the minister of the interior. The police are connected with the top gangsters who are doing the dirtiest jobs for the government.» Id.

*282       Thom Shanker, «Yugoslav Vote Crucial to Balkans», Chicago Tribune, 20 December 1992, at 3.

*283       Jonathan Kaufman, «Kosovo Offers Another Flashpoint in the Complexity of Yugoslavia», The Boston Globe, 28 December 1992, at 1.

*284       Id.

*285       Id.

*286       «Arkan Reportedly Purchases Bozhur Hotel», Tirana, 24 February 1993.

*287       Thom Shanker, «Yugoslav Vote Crucial to Balkans», Chicago Tribune, 20 December 1992, at 3.

*288       Jonathan Kaufman, «Kosovo Offers Another Flashpoint in the Complexity of Yugoslavia», The Boston Globe, 28 December 1992, at 1.

*289       «Arkan Reportedly Purchases Bozhur Hotel», ATA, 24 February 1993.

*290       «Serbian Radical Party Proposes Vote of No-confidence in Serbian Government», Tanjug, 22 September 1993.

*291       Id.

*292       Chuck Sudetic, «Rival Serbs Are Admitting Bosnia-Croatia Atrocities», The New York Times, 13 November 1993, at 6.

*293       Milos Vasic, «The December Vote: Slobodan and Arkan's Flying Circus», War Report, December 1993.

*294       John Kifner, «Majority Eludes Leader in Serbia: Three Seats Short of Control, Milosevic Is Seen as Still Likely to Retain Power», The New York Times, 23 December 1993.

*295       «Nationalist Leads Serb Campaign», Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1993, at 14.

*296       See John Kifner, «An Outlaw in the Balkans Is Basking in the Spotlight», The New York Times, 23 November 1993; «Nationalist Leads Serb Campaign», Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1993, at 14; Milos Vasic, «The December Vote: Slobodan and Arkan's Flying Circus», War Report, December 1993. For a more detailed discussion of the rift between Milosevic and Seselj, see Seselj below.

*297       Stan Markotich, «Serbia», RFE/RL Research Report, 22 April 1994, at 98.

*298       «Nationalist Leads Serb Campaign», Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1993, at 14.

*299       John Kifner, «Majority Eludes Leader in Serbia: Three Seats Short of Control, Milosevic is Seen as Still Likely to Retain Power», The New York Times, 23 December 1993.

*300       Scepan Vukovic, «Arkan Interviewed on Life, War, Arrest», Pobjeda, 13 January 1992.

*301       Arkan has said that: «Those who join [the Tigers] have to lock up any politics in the lockers in their rooms.» Id.

*302       European Community Monitoring Mission, Information Section Briefing -Arkan, File 1002, IHRLI Doc. No. 25141-25142.

*303       Roy Gutman, «Envoy Talks Tough: Calls Serb Destruction of City War Crime, but also Warns Croats», Newsday, 18 July 1993.

*304       Internal Commission of Experts Memo to Chairman Cherif Bassiouni from Anton Kempenaars, Assistant to the Commission, 7 December 1993.

*305       Id.

*306       «Arkan: No Longer any need for »Tigers« to be Concentrated in Erdut», BBC, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 April 1994.

*307       European Community Monitoring Mission, Information Section Briefing -Arkan, File 1002, IHRLI Doc. No. 25141-25142.

*308       Id.

*309       Id.

*310       Internal Commission of Experts Memo to Chairman Cherif Bassiouni from Anton Kempenaars, Assistant to the Commission, 7 December 1993.

*311       Id.

*312       All of the footnotes in section III of this report, entitled «Other Identified Paramilitary Groups,» are cites to the sources contained in the text of this section.

*313       IHRLI Doc. No. 45763-45764.

*314       IHRLI Doc. No. 28661. A rape victim stated that she was held in brothels in Livno and Sarajevo by «Alija's warriors». It is not clear from the report whether the group she refers to is the same paramilitary organization as Alija's Army, or whether she is referring generically to the army of BiH as President Alija Izetbegovic's «warriors».

*315       IHRLI Doc. No. 3129 and 5465. The report lists the villages which were attacked, namely, Zaslivlje, Zabrdje, Turija, Josanica and Repovica.

*316       See IHRLI Doc. No. 11540-11550, 28645, 28652-28653 and 29760. Although some reports question the existence of this group, it was reported by an official source that the Black Swans exist and include many foreigners. Their headquarters, which reportedly displays a black flag with arabic writing, is east of Konjic on the Mostar to Sarajevo road.

*317       IHRLI Doc. No. 45763.

*318       IHRLI Doc. No. 62629.

*319       IHRLI Doc. No. 62756.

*320       IHRLI Doc. No. 62613 provides information on the troop strength at Handici there were allegedly 40 to 50 men and the forces from Pokojiste contained 30 to 40.

*321       IHRLI Doc. No. 62613.

*322       IHRLI Doc. No. 62756.

*323       IHRLI Doc. No. 45756.

*324       IHRLI Doc. No. 2804.

*325       IHRLI Doc. No. 45764.

*326       Id.

*327       IHRLI Doc. No. 45768.

*328       IHRLI Doc. No. 62620

*329       IHRLI Doc. No. 51640.

*330       IHRLI Doc. No. 45752.

*331       IHRLI Doc. No. 41234. An official source reported that the MOS, like the HOS, is a term used by many paramilitary units. Much of what is written in this section was the responsibility of the 7th Muslimanska Brigada in Zenica, and some can be credited to Zuka's forces or to a mixture of foreign Mujahedin.

*332       See also IHRLI Doc. No. 45756, which states that the Black Swans commanded by Zulfikar Ali Spage were also involved in the attack at Stipica Meadow.

*333       IHRLI Doc. No. 45752.

*334       IHRLI Doc. No. 51637, 51631, 51640, 51669. Three villages, Cajdras, Vjetrenica Mountain, and Busovaca are mentioned in the reports. Witnesses also relate that many civilians were killed in the area. The bodies of the victims were usually found burned in their homes. Id.

*335       IHRLI Doc. No. 48029 and 48030.

*336       IHRLI Doc. No. 14581

*337       IHRLI Doc. No. 35750.

*338       IHRLI Doc. No. 28952

*339       IHRLI Doc. No. 28817 and 28977. Ibrahim Dzinic, a member of both the 102 Odzak Brigade of the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Municipal Committee of the Party of Democratic Action in Odzak, allegedly procured arms and materiel in Vinkovci, Croatia.

*340       IHRLI Doc. No. 25663.

*341       IHRLI Doc. No. 3129 and 5465. The villages attacked were Zaslivlje, Zabrdje, Turija, Josanica, and Repovica.

*342       IHRLI Doc. No. 35750

*343       IHRLI Doc. No. 51657

*344       Documents submitted to the Commission of Experts indicate the existence of two paramilitary organizations, the «Black Legion» and the «Black Shirts», although at least one witness testimony implied that the names were interchangeable. See IHRLI Doc. No. 22201-22203.

*345       IHRLI Doc. No. 46203.

*346       IHRLI Doc. No. 22201-22203.

*347       Id.

*348       See IHRLI Doc. Nos.'s 46072-56106 (containing witness statements that refer cosistently to attacking groups as «Croatian National Guardsmen»).

*349       IHRLI Doc. No. 46078.

*350       IHRLI Doc. No. 28817-28825, 28952. See also IHRLI Doc. No. 28817-19 (containing information on CDU finances and how the organization purchased and transported war material).

*351       IHRLI Doc. No. 56202.

*352       Id.

*353       See IHRLI Doc. No. 56202.

*354       Id.

*355       «Croatian Public Opinion `Divided' on Return of Serbs Who Fled», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 27 February 1992, at EE/1315/C1/1.

*356       IHRLI Doc. No. 56202.

*357       Mihajlo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama 170 (1994).

*358       Michael Ignatieff, «Nasty, Brutish and Short: Where the Warlords Hold Sway from Behind the Wheel of a Cherokee Chief», Ottawa Citizen, 11 April 1993, at C1.

*359       Mihajlo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama 170 (1994). See also Michael Ignatieff, «Nasty, Brutish and Short: Where the Warlords Hold Sway from Behind the Wheel of a Cherokee Chief», Ottawa Citizen, 11 April 1993, at C1.

*360       IHRLI Doc. No. 48295.

*361       Id.

*362       IHRLI Doc. No. 12623 and 29010. Translations of Vatreni Konji are varied. See, e.g., IHRLI Doc. No. 11932 («Fire Horses Brigade»); IRHLI Doc. No. 29014 («Flaming Horses»); IHRLI Doc. No. 28997 (Fiery Horses).

*363       IHRLI Doc. No. 28988.

*364       IHRLI Doc. No. 28644 and 28704-28705. The commander of the Horses of Fire, Majran Brnic, reportedly was from Posavska Mahala, Odzak (IHRLI Doc. No. 028965-67).

*365       The Horses of Fire reportedly operated at the following locations: Ristani, Bogodol, Raska Gora, Dobric, Biograci, Medjine, Vihovici, Slipcici, Bacevici, Potoci, Salakovac, Vrapcici (near Mostar), Gnojnica, Buna, Hodbina, Pijesci, Blagaj (near Mostar), Dracevo, Recice, Burmazi, Paprati, Oplicici, Osanici, Donji and Gornji Poplat, Pljesavac and Prenj (near Stolac), Cavas, Dvrsnica, Orasje, Gornje Hrasno, Cvaljina and Orahov Do, Zavala, Golubinac, Belenici, Kijev Do, Gorogase, Dobromiri, Pozamo, Baljivac, Rapti, Scenica, Suse, Misite, Copice, Podosoje, Slivnica and Lopoc, Bobani Plato, Zaplanik, Ivanjica, Zacula and several other villages in the municipality of Trebinje. IRHLI Doc. No. 28602-28603.

*366       IHRLI Doc. No. 28539.

*367       IHRLI Doc. No. 28965-28967.

*368       IHRLI Doc. No. 12613-12614.

*369       IHRLI Doc. No. 28988.

*370       Id., IHRLI Doc. No. 28997-289001.

*371       IHRLI Doc. No. 28997-29001.

*372       IHRLI Doc. No. 12613-12164.

*373       IHRLI Docs. No. 28958-28962, 28965-28967, 28987-28992, 28602, 28603, 28708-28710.

*374       IHRLI Doc. No. 28708-28710.

*375       IHRLI Doc. No. 12613-12614.

*376       IHRLI Doc. No. 28958-28962.

*377       IHRLI Docs. No. 28539, 28602, 28644, 28704-28705, 28708-28710, 28958-28967, 28987-28992, 28997-29001, 29007, 29010-29014, 11932, 36606, 12613-12614.

*378       IHRLI Doc. No. 28704-28705.

*379       IHRLI Doc. No. 28644.

*380       IHRLI Doc. No. 11932.

*381       IHRLI Doc. No. 28966.

*382       IHRLI Doc. No. 28965-28967.

*383       IRHLI Doc. No. 28704-28705.

*384       Id.

*385       IHRLI Doc. No. 28958-28962.

*386       IHRLI Doc. No. 28539.

*387       Christopher Bellamy, «Bosnian Serbs Adjust to New Order», The Independent, 1 April 1994, at 10, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*388       Catherine Toups, «Bosnia-Hercegovina: Preparing for the Day of Reckoning», Inter Press Service, 15 February 1994, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*389       Id.

*390       Id.

*391       James O. Jackson, «No Rush to Judgement», Time, 27 June 1994, at 48-51.

*392       «Defence Minister Reports on Activities of Croatian Army Units in Bosnia», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 February 1994, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*393       Christopher Bellamy, «Bosnian Serbs Adjust to New Order», The Independent, 1 April 1994, at 10, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*394       Id.

*395       IHRLI Doc. No. 25523.

*396       IHRLI Doc. No. 25523.

*397       IHRLI Doc. No. 55366.

*398       IHRLI Doc. No. 45351, 41159. Reports mention that «Tiger» units joined the HVO forces in Mostar in June 1993. Later reports mention an HVO unit named «The Kiseljak Tigers» (also called «United to Death») in connection with the October 1993 massacre at the Muslim village of Stupni Do near Vares. It is not clear whether these two groups are the same «Tiger» forces. Id.

*399       IHRLI Doc. No. 41159.

*400       IHRLI Doc. No. 45351.

*401       Id. For UNPROFOR press release, see IHRLI Doc. No. 43929-43930.

*402       IHRLI Doc. No. 45351.

*403       IHRLI Doc. No. 19947C.

*404       IHRLI Doc. No. 34965.

*405       Id.

*406       IHRLI Doc. No. 2804.

*407       Id.

*408       IHRLI Doc. No. 2805.

*409       Id.

*410       Id.

*411       Id.

*412       Id.

*413       Id.

*414       IHRLI Doc. No. 2806.

*415       Id.

*416       Id.

*417       Id.

*418       IHRLI Doc. No. 2807.

*419       IHRLI Doc. No. 2804. This brigade is also referred to as simply the XII Slavonian Brigade. IHRLI Doc. No. 2810.

*420       Id. See IHRLI summary sheet for Unit of Daruvar.

*421       IHRLI Doc. No. 2807. See IHRLI summary sheet for the Bilogorian Odred.

*422       IHRLI Doc. No. 2810.

*423       IHRLI Doc. No. 2926.

*424       Id.

*425       Id.

*426       Id.

*427       Id.

*428       Id.

*429       Id.

*430       Id.

*431       IHRLI Doc. No. 2927.

*432       After the first day of killing, on 2 May, a JNA commander passed the hotel and told a policeman that the killing should only be done on the front line. He said he would personally kill anyone who was killing people in the centre of town, IHRLI Doc. No. 39141.

*433       IHRLI Doc. No. 39141.

*434       Id.

*435       IHRLI Doc. No. 39140.

*436       IHRLI Doc. No. 63996.

*437       IHRLI Doc. No. 49197.

*438       IHRLI Doc. No. 2807.

*439       Id.

*440       IHRLI Doc. No. 2808.

*441       Id.

*442       Id.

*443       IHRLI Doc. No. 2894. But see IHRLI Doc. No. 2808 (indicating that the Bilogorian Odred launched a mortar attack on Grubisno Polje and Ivanovo Selo in concert with JNA and («Cetnik» forces and that eight people were killed and an unspecified number wounded).

*444       IHRLI Doc. No. 2808.

*445       Id.

*446       IHRLI Doc. No. 47023.

*447       Id.

*448       IHRLI Doc. No. 56909.

*449       See IHRLI Doc. No. 56615, which reports that Captain Dragan Kalinic worked alongside Arkan as a commander of forces in Brcko on 1 May 1992.

*450       The BBC quoted Milan Martic who revealed in August 1991 that Captain Dragan's real name was Daniel Sneden.

*451       IHRLI Doc. No. 62124-62125.

*452       Id.

*453       «Croatian Serbs `Recruit Italian Fighters'», The Independent, 21 October 1993, at 12.

*454       IHRLI Doc. No. 34965.

*455       IHRLI Doc. No. 42890. The witness provides a detailed account of the atrocities at Velepromet in Vukovar, but Captain Dragan is named only in regard to the incident regarding the witness's daughter. Id.

*456       Personal account of Zack Novkovic in Soldier of Fortune, April 1994, at 49-50.

*457       IHRLI Doc. No. 47018.

*458       IHRLI Doc. No. 63996 (listing the paramilitary units involved in the Zvornik assault under «Other Formations»).

*459       IHRLI Doc. No. 34963.

*460       IHRLI Doc. No. 56995.

*461       IHRLI Doc. No. 2878.

*462       IHRLI Doc. No. 47019.

*463       IHRLI Doc. No. 34959, 42896 and 42899. Dusan the Great forces allegedly attacked Lovas with members of the «Territorial Defence».

*464       Id. See also IHRLI Doc. No. 15123, which reports that 51 people were killed in Lovas on 17 October.

*465       IHRLI Doc. No. 63996 (listing the paramilitary units involved in the Zvornik assault under «Other Formations»).

*466       IHRLI Doc. No. 47022.

*467       IHRLI Doc. No. 62783.

*468       IHRLI Doc. No. 35705.

*469       IHRLI Doc. No. 35685.

*470       IHRLI Doc. No. 62782.

*471       IHRLI Doc. No. 35687. Karaman's house has also been described as a warehouse. Id.

*472       IHRLI Doc. No. 30291.

*473       IHRLI Doc. No. 49192.

*474       IHRLI Doc. No. 30246.

*475       IHRLI Doc. No. 63996 (listing the paramilitary units involved in the Zvornik assault under «Other Formations»).

*476       «Nationalistic Serbs Threaten Terrorist Attacks if Intervention», Agence France Presse, 13 May 1993, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*477       Suzanne Nelson, «Yugoslavia: Extremist Groups Come to Life in Disillusioned Serbia», Inter Press Service, 17 November 1992, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*478       IHRLI Doc. No. 29875-6. See also IHRLI Doc. No. 11921, containing a witness statement which refers to the Uzice Corps action at Povrsnica mountain.

*479       IHRLI Doc. No. 9157.

*480       Id.

*481       IHRLI Doc. No. 9158.

*482       Id.

*483       IHRLI Doc. No. 9159.

*484       IHRLI Doc. No. 56879.

*485       Chris Stephen, «View from the Zoo», Houston Chronicle, 5 December 1993, at A33.

*486       IHRLI Doc. No. 52131.

*487       See also IHRLI Doc. No. 29870 (alleging that Dragan Ikanovic participated in operations in Vogosca County conducted by paramilitary leader Joja Tintor).

*488       IHRLI Doc. No. 29870.

*489       IHRLI Doc. No. 56879.

*490       IHRLI Doc. No. 42899. Devetak was apparently raised in Lovas, worked in Osijek and later moved with a private firm to Belgrade before the war.

*491       IHRLI Doc. No. 39953.

*492       The witness was held in the camp for several days, during which time many people were killed. He did not specifically identify the Zoran Karlica paramilitary group as perpetrators of the abuses that occurred at Trnopolje camp. Id.

*493       U.N. Military Information Branch, Who's Who in Former Yugoslavia, No. 1, 1 February 1994, IHRLI Doc. No. 62101-62173, at 62124 states that «Captain Dragan» «led a force called `Knindze' in Knin during 1990-91.» It is unclear whether the Knindza Turtles are the same `Knindze' as those mentioned in Who's Who, or whether they operated under the command of Captain Dragan. The Turtles may be linked with Captain Dragan through his training camp, which contained over 1,000 Republic of Serbian Krajina volunteers.

*494       IHRLI Doc. No. 3620-3621.

*495       Id.

*496       IHRLI Doc. No. 34956.

*497       IHRLI Doc. No. 62141.

*498       IHRLI Doc. No. 29887.

*499       IHRLI Doc. No. 34734.

*500       IHRLI Doc. No. 49192.

*501       IHRLI Doc. No. 34993.

*502       IHRLI Doc. No. 52430.

*503       IHRLI Doc. No. 34993.

*504       «The Fighting in Croatia in Brief», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1991.

*505       IHRLI Doc. No. 15903.

*506       See, e.g., IHRLI Doc. No. 55087.

*507       IHRLI Doc. No. 45390.

*508       IHRLI Doc. No. 24432.

*509       IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A26.

*510       Tyler Marshall, «Serbs and Croats Face Off Along Frontier of Hatred», Los Angeles Times, 14 July 1991, at 1.

*511       IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A26; Dessa Trevisan, «Yugoslavs Arm for All- Out War», The Times, 1 August 1991 (reporting that the special task force known as Knindze, commanded by Captain Dragan, is one of Martic's forces).

*512       IHRLI Doc. No. 24432.

*513       Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia 17 (1993).

*514       IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A26.

*515       «Yugoslav Army Halts Croat-Serb Conflict», Washington Times, 1 April 1991, at A2.

*516       Dessa Trevisan, «Croat Police Given Army Ultimatum», The Times, 3 April 1993, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*517       IHRLI Doc. No. 18484, 26349A26.

*518       Blaine Harden, «Guerrillas, Army Shell Croatian City: Republics' Leaders Open Peace Talks», Washington Post, 21 Augugust 1991, at A8.

*519       Tyler Marshall, «Serbs and Croats Face Off Along Frontier of Hatred», Los Angeles Times, 14 July 1991, at 1.

*520       Alan Ferguson, «Belgrade Puts Pressure on Rebellious Republics», Toronto Star, 26 June 1991, at A1.

*521       Donald Forbes, «Croats and Serb Guerrillas Fight in a Dozen Towns», Reuters, 11 September 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*522       Eileen Yin, «Yugoslav Political Leaders Hold Crucial Talks on Country's Future», UPI, 22 July 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, UPI File.

*523       «Other Report on Croatian Conflict», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 2 August 1991.

*524       «The Fighting in Croatia in Brief», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1991.

*525       Jonathan S. Landay, «Dispute Over Army Role in Croatia Focus of Presidency Meeting», UPI, 26 July 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, UPI File.

*526       Meriel Beattie, «At Least Four Dead in Fresh Battles Between Serbs and Croats», Reuters, 14 August 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*527       Neso Djuric, «Serbian Guerrillas Fight for Croatian Territory», UPI, 19 August 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, UPI File.

*528       Blaine Harden, «Guerrillas, Army Shell Croatian City; Republics' Leaders Open Peace Talks», Washington Post, 21 August 1991, at A8.

*529       Id.

*530       IHRLI Doc. No. 55087.

*531       Blaine Harden, «Guerrillas, Army Shell Croatian City; Republics' Leaders Open Peace Talks», Washington Post, 21 August 1991, at A8.

*532       IHRLI Doc. No. 2955.

*533       IHRLI Doc. No. 19123.

*534       IHRLI Doc. No. 49197.

*535       IHRLI Doc. No. 2813.

*536       IHRLI Doc. No. 2886.

*537       IHRLI Doc. No. 2895.

*538       IHRLI Doc. No. 2798.

*539       Id.

*540       Alan Ferguson, «Belgrade Puts Pressure on Rebellious Republics», Toronto Star, 26 June 1991, at A1.

*541       «Belgrade Radio Reports Martic's Claim of 30 Killed in Ljubovo», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 5 July 1991.

*542       IHRLI Doc. No. 2834.

*543       IHRLI Doc. No. 2846.

*544       IHRLI Doc. No. 55095.

*545       Peter Humphrey, «Bosnia Holds Emergency Defence Meeting after Serb Incursion», Reuters, 9 June 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*546       «The Sandzak Referendum in Brief», BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 November 1991, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*547       IHRLI Doc. No. 34170.

*548       IHRLI Doc. No. 29827-29828.

*549       IHRLI Doc. No. 62782-62786.

*550       IHRLI Doc. No. 56879.

*551       IHRLI Doc. No. 20271-20296.

*552       IHRLI Doc. No. 20272.

*553       IHRLI Doc. No. 20275.

*554       IHRLI Doc. No. 20271-20296.

*555       IHRLI Doc. No. 63996 (listing the paramilitary units involved in the Zvornik assault under «Other Formations»).

*556       IHRLI Doc. No. 34734.

*557       IHRLI Doc. No. 49192-49193.

*558       IHRLI Doc. No. 2810.

*559       Id.

*560       Id. The source is ambiguous regarding the involvement of the unit commanded by Lukic and Radosavljevic in the attacks and abuses committed by «Cetniks». Id.

*561       IHRLI Doc. No. 62693.

*562       IHRLI Doc. No. 56883.

*563       IHRLI Doc. No. 29875-29876. See also the witness statement at IHRLI Doc. No. 11921, which refers to the Uzice Corps action at Povrsnica mountain.

*564       IHRLI Doc. No. 39930.

*565       Id.

*566       Id.

*567       See also U.N. Military Information Branch, «Who's Who in Former Yugoslavia», No. 1, 1 February 1994, IHRLI Doc. No. 62101-62173, at 62124-5, where «Captain Dragan» is reported to command paramilitary forces called «Red Berets». It is unclear whether Captain Dragan is the commander of this unit, or whether this is one of many paramilitary units trained in camps run by Captain Dragan, which operate under independent command in the field.

*568       IHRLI Doc. No. 8276.

*569       IHRLI Doc. No. 57050.

*570       IHRLI Doc. No. 56328.

*571       IHRLI Doc. No. 56329.

*572       IHRLI Doc. No. 39242A. The victim states that she and up to 2,000 other women were raped repeatedly during her stay at the school, but the Red Berets are specifically identified as perpetrators in only one incident in her statement. Id.

*573       IHRLI Doc. No. 49197.

*574       IHRLI Doc. No. 34956.

*575       IHRLI Doc. No. 34733-34734. On 24 June 1992, a number of Muslim civilians were arrested in the stable of Salko Guso by order of Momir Savic. Savic's group also removed two Muslims from a bus carrying refugees from Visegrad. Id.

*576       The attack of Kozarac is described in IHRLI Doc. No. 62693.

*577       IHRLI Doc. No. 62711-62713.

*578       IHRLI Doc. No. 62711-62712.

*579       IHRLI Doc. No. 62712.

*580       IHRLI Doc. No. 62713.

*581       Id.

*582       IHRLI Doc. No. 30212.

*583       IHRLI Doc. No. 56632-56633.

*584       The US State Department document alleges that they personally killed 5,000 people, but there is no explanation under what circumstances this killing may have occurred.

*585       This is hearsay information.

*586       IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*587       Their names can be found in the April 1993 Banja Luka Serbian Voice, or Glas Srpski, newspapers.

*588       IHRLI Doc. No. 29868.

*589       IHRLI Doc. No. 29870.

*590       Kornjaca means «turtle» in Serbo-Croatian. Kornjaca claims it is his real name, while others claim he adopted it as a nom de guerre. Peter Maas, «In Bosnia War, a Serb Doctor Becomes `Commander Turtle'», Washington Post, 12 September 1992, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File.

*591       Id.

*592       IHRLI Doc. No. 11921.

*593       IHRLI Doc. No. 2894.

*594       IHRLI Doc. No. 29864.

*595       Id.

*596       IHRLI Doc. No. 2886.

*597       IHRLI Doc. No. 34186.

*598       IHRLI Doc. No. 25126.

*599       IHRLI Doc. No. 29843.

*600       But see IHRLI Doc. No. 2842 (describing members of the White Eagles beating Croatian soldiers in the village of Paklenica, 22 November 1992).

*601       IHRLI Doc. No. 5892-5895, 20271, 20277, 20281-20284, 20285- 20291, 20317, 20320, and 62864.

*602       IHRLI Doc. No. 20277 and 20285.

*603       IHRLI Doc. No. 20281-20284.

*604       IHRLI Doc. No. 20292 (describing that on 19 and 20 July 1992, White Eagles, JNA, Niksic Special Forces, and local Serbs reportedly shelled the forests from 6:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.).

*605       IHRLI Doc. No. 20317.

*606       IHRLI Doc. No. 20285-20291.

*607       Approximately 170 men at Gacko prison were later transferred to Bileca. IHRLI Doc. No. 5892-5895.

*608       IHRLI Doc. No. 20285-20291, 20320.

*609       IHRLI Doc. No. 5892-5895, 20317.

*610       IHRLI Doc. No. 20285-20291.

*611       IHRLI Doc. No. 20317.

*612       IHRLI Doc. No. 11945, 33248-33299.

*613       IHRLI Doc. No. 11945.

*614       Id.

*615       IHRLI Doc. No. 33248-33299, 35683.

*616       White Eagles arrived in Grbavica between 5 and 7 April 1992. IHRLI Doc. No. 33248-33299, 35683. They went to Kremaulusa 5 and 6 May 1992. IHRLI Doc. No. 11922-11923.

*617       IHRLI Doc. No. 62835, 11922-11923.

*618       IHRLI Doc. No. 11922-11923.

*619       IHRLI Doc. No. 29793-29832 (Banja Luka); IHRLI Doc. No. 11662- 11663 (Bosanska Krupa); IHRLI Doc. No. 11916 (Novo Brcko); IHRLI Doc. No. 15123 (Lovas).

*620       See IHRLI Doc. No. 63996 for a list of paramilitary formations involved in the attack. The Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights reported many units participating in the attack and naming the units according to the regions where they were formed.

*621       IHRLI Doc. No. 63995.

*622       Id.

*623       IHRLI Doc. No. 90-91.

*624       This incident occurred on 5 September 1992. IHRLI Doc. No. 11925, 57034.

*625       IHRLI Doc. No. 56425 (Keraterm camp); IHRLI Doc. No. 56860 (Stara Gradiska camp).

*626       «Croatian Serbs `Recruit Italian Fighters,'» The Independent, 21 October 1993, at 12.

*627       Id.

*628       IHRLI Doc. No. 62735.

*629       IHRLI Doc. No. 62736.

*630       IHRLI Doc. No. 62736-62737.

*631       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 28-34. For a detailed discussion of the prison camps reported in this county, see also Annex VIII, Prison Camps paragraphs 251-436.

*632       All following population and demographic figures are also from the 1991 census.

*633       David B. Ottaway, «Serbs in Bosnia Demand Aid For Allowing Trucks Through; Proposal Poses Moral Problem: Should U.N. Reward Aggression?», The Washington Post, 27 February 1993.

*634       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*635       David B. Ottaway, «Serbs in Bosnia Demand Aid For Allowing Trucks Through; Proposal Poses Moral Problem: Should U.N. Reward Aggression?», The Washington Post, 27 February 1993.

*636       Id.

*637       Carol J. Williams, «Buying A Way Out of Terror: A Bosnian City Controlled By Serbs Offers A View of `Ethnic Cleansing'. Muslims Must Pay For Their Own Deportation. Those Remaining Are Fired and Need Permission To Walk The Streets», The Los Angeles Times, 25 February 1993.

*638       United States Government Submission, at 94-310, IHRLI Doc. No. 62666-62667.

*639       Jonathan C. Randal, «Bosnian Serbs Increase the Pressure on Muslims, Croats in Banja Luka: Demolition of Two Historic Mosques Perpetuates Climate of Fear», The Washington Post, 11 May 1993.

*640       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault paragraphs 35-36. For a detailed discussion of the prison camps reported in this county, see Annex VIII Prison Camps, paragraphs 437-461.

*641       UNPROFOR Battle Command Kiseljak, Weekly Summary, December 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 25661-25667, at 25663.

*642       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 37-41. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, Mass Graves paragraphs 25-31. For a detailed discussion of the prison camps reported in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 462-507.

*643       United States Government Submission, Case No. 092051Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56826-56829, at 56826.

*644       United States Government Submission, Case No. 012114Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62827-62289, at 62828.

*645       Andrew Bilski, with Louise Branson, «Terror Among the Ruins: War Takes a Heavy Civilian Toll», Maclean's, 4 May 1992. See also «Testimonies on Killing of Civilians Committed by Serbian Forces Outside a Combat Context in Bosnia-Herzegovina», Council of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Ljubljana Slovenia, September 1992, at IX, IHRLI Doc. No. 5190-5211, at 5201.

*646       Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Attack Muslim Slavs and Croats in Bosnia», New York Times, 4 April 1992.

*647       Andrew Bilski, with Louise Branson, «Terror Among the Ruins; War Takes a Heavy Civilian Toll», Maclean's, 4 May 1992.

*648       Vladimir Mitric, «Fighting Reportedly Continues in Bijeljina», Belgrade Radio Belgrade Network, 2 April 1992.

*649       «Karadzic, Izetbegovic To Discuss `Serbian State'», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 3 April 1992.

*650       Andrew Bilski, with Louise Branson, «Terror Among the Ruins; War Takes a Heavy Civilian Toll», Maclean's, 4 May 1992.

*651       «Karadzic, Izetbegovic To Discuss `Serbian State'», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 3 April 1992.

*652       Helsinki Watch, «War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992)», at 62- 63, IHRLI Doc. No. 277-647, at 348-49.

*653       Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Attack Muslim Slavs and Croats in Bosnia», New York Times, 4 April 1992.

*654       James L. Graff, «The Butcher of the Balkans: Sly, Intelligent and Ruthless, Slobodan Milosevic is Acting Out a Fantasy of Power in Yugoslavia that So Far Knows No Bounds», Time, 8 June 1992.

*655       Andrew Bilski, with Louise Branson, «Terror Among the Ruins; War Takes a Heavy Civilian Toll», Maclean's, 4 May 1992.

*656       Id.

*657       Id.

*658       «Karadzic, Izetbegovic To Discuss `Serbian State'», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 3 April 1992.

*659       Andrew Bilski, with Louise Branson, «Terror Among the Ruins; War Takes a Heavy Civilian Toll», Maclean's, May 4, 1992.

*660       United States Government Submission, Case No. 092051Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56826-56828, at 56827.

*661       United States Government Submission, Case No. 012114Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62827-62829, at 62828.

*662       United States Government Submission, Case No. 092051Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56826-56829, at 56828.

*663       Elizabeth Sullivan, «No Peace Plan Will End the Hatreds», The Plain Dealer, 23 May 1993.

*664       Id.

*665       Laura Silber, «Bosnia Partition Plan Unleashes Expulsion Wave', The Financial Times, 11 October 1993. See also an official source, IHRLI Doc. No. 38300-38331, at 38306-38311.

*666       Yigal Chazan, «Serbs' Ethnic Policies Entering Chilling Phase», Civil Libertarians Maintain, The Ottawa Citizen, 18 October 1993.

*667       Jonathan S. Landay, «Bosnian Serbs Scour Land They Conquered», The Christian Science Monitor, 14 October 1993.

*668       Laura Silber, «Bosnia Partition Plan Unleashes Expulsion Wave», The Financial Times, 11 October 1993.

*669       Yigal Chazan, «Serbs' Ethnic Policies Entering Chilling Phase», Civil Libertarians Maintain, The Ottawa Citizen, 18 October 1993.

*670       Id.

*671       For a detailed discussion of the prison camps reported in this county, see Annex VIII Prison Camps, paragraphs 508-563.

*672       For details of the incident at Bileca, see US State Department, Supplemental U.S. Submission to the U.N. Security Council, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11925 and US State Department, Submission to the U.N. Committee of Experts, IHRLI Doc. No. 57034.

*673       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII Prison Camps, paragraphs 588-604.

*674       Croatian Information Centre, Written Statement, 3 November 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11662-11664, at 11663.

*675       United States Government, Eighth Submission, 16 June 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 23444-23478, at 23476.

*676       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 47-60. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 32-34. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 605-628.

*677       US State Department, Submission to U.N. Security Council, IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*678       The HVO and the HOS joined under a signed agreement in August 23, 1992. The HOS is referred to as the Croatian Defence Forces. See Milan Vego, «The Croatian Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina», Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 26349.

*679       See the following documents for a summary of HOS activities: Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-48127 and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28464-28796.

*680       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 18800- 28825 and 28945-29000.

*681       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, No. 4, IHRLI Doc. No. 34962-34966, at 34965.

*682       Milan Vego, «The Croatian Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina», Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A1- 26349A63.

*683       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 64. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 659-693.

*684       Andrija Popovic, «MOST for the Destruction of Bosnia- Hercegovina», Slovodna Dalmacija, 26 March 1992.

*685       Id.

*686       Council of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Testimonies on Killing of Civilians Committed by Serbian Forces Outside a Combat Context in Bosnia-Herzegovina, September 1992, at VII, IHRLI Doc. No. 5190-5211, at 5198.

*687       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*688       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 65-66. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 694-710.

*689       Inga Saffron, «Bosnia-Herzegovina Muslims Fleeing Feared Serbian Military Leader», The Miami Herald, 26 April 1992.

*690       World Campaign «Save Humanity», On War Destructions, Violations of Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity in Bosnia and Herzegovina with Special Review of Suffering of Civilian Population in Concentration Camps and Prisons, 27 July 1992, Witness Number 18, IHRLI Doc. No. 52111-52135, at 52130; Report of Professor Zdravko Grebo, University of Sarajevo submitted to the Special Rapporteur, 19 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 49183- 49201, at 49187.

*691       Id.

*692       «Interior Ministry Updates Security Situation», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 18 April 1992.

*693       BiH Ministry of Internal Affairs, Report of Crimes Committed Against Humanity and the International Law and Concentration Camps Formed by the Aggressor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3305-3344, at 3309.

*694       World Campaign «Save Humanity», Report on War Destruction, Violation of Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity in Bosnia and Herzegovina with Special Review of Suffering of Civilian Population in Concentration Camps and Prisons, 27 July 1992, Witness Number 19, IHRLI Doc. No. 52111-52135, at 52128.

*695       World Campaign «Save Humanity», Report on War Destruction, Violation of Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, June 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 649-679, at 677.

*696       Id.

*697       United States Government Submission, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320- 57229, at 56909.

*698       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 67-76. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 49-63. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 711-865.

*699       First Report of the Danish Helsinki Committee, 23 May 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20974-20987.

*700       Helsinki Watch Report, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina (August 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 277-647, at 418.

*701       United States Government Submission, Case No. 072306Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56615-56618.

*702       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 34165-34203, at 34186.

*703       United States Government Submission, Case No. 072306Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56615-56618, at 56616.

*704       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9488-9501. For further discussion of the alleged activities of Arkan's men at Luka Camp, see Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate, «The Ethnic Cleansing of Bosnia- Herzegovina», August 1992, at 15, IHRLI Doc. No. 8997-9038, at 9016.

*705       Danish Helsinki Committee First Submission, May 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20974-20987.

*706       IHRLI Doc. No. 39139-39141.

*707       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina 98-99 (August 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 277-647, at 384-385.

*708       United States Government Submission, Case No. 261827Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56789-56790, at 56790. See also BiH Government Information Bureau, Daily Report on Aggression and Terrorism Against Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 30 June 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 30210-30213, at 30213.

*709       United States Government Second Submission, 22 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 112-128, at 117.

*710       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II (April 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9488-9501.

*711       Danish Helsinki Commission First Submission, May 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20974-20978; see also Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II (April 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279- 9720, at 9488-9501.

*712       United States Submission to the United Nations - Brcko, 28 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11347-11365, at 11363.

*713       Danish Helsinki Committee, First Submission, May 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20974-20987.

*714       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II (April 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9488-9501.

*715       Id. See United States Government Submission, Case No. 94-222, IHRLI Doc. No. 57050, wherein an ex-prisoner describes an incident in which Arkan's men brought a Croatian into a warehouse and asked the prisoners to kill him. When no one volunteered, Arkan's men forced the Croatian to kneel and shot him in the head.

*716       United States Government, Second Submission, 22 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 112-128, at 117.

*717       United States Submission to the United Nations - Brcko, 28 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11347-11365, at 11351-11353.

*718       Id. at 11363.

*719       Michael R. Gordon, «U.S. Says 3,000 May Have Died In Serbian-Run Detention Camps», New York Times, 26 September 1992.

*720       John Goshko, «U.S. Aides Cite `Eyewitness Accounts' In Mass Killing of Muslims by Serbs», Washington Post, 27 September 1992.

*721       George Rodrigue, «Serb Describes War Atrocities: He Says He Was Forced to Rape, Kill», The Dallas Morning News, 17 December 1992. But see George Eykyn, «Interview with a Captain in the Bosnian Serb Army», BBC Breakfast News, 27 September 1993, wherein the captain states that there were 30-40 of Arkan's men at Luka but he did not think they were involved in the killings.

*722       George Rodrigue, «Serb Describes War Atrocities: He Says He Was Forced to Rape, Kill», The Dallas Morning News, 17 December 1992.

*723       United States Submission to the United Nations - Brcko, 28 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11347-11365, at 11351-11353.

*724       BiH Ministry of Internal Affairs, Report of Crimes Committed Against Humanity and the International Law and of Concentration Camps Formed by the Aggressor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3305-3344, at 3312.

*725       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces, January 1993, at 10, IHRLI Doc. No. 5511-5527, at 5523.

*726       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces, January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5511-5527, at 5523.

*727       Roy Gutman of Newsday, «Serbs' Rape of Muslim Women in Bosnia Seen As Tactic of War», The Houston Chronicle, 23 August 1992.

*728       Salih Brkic, «Sarajevo Radio Updates Fighting», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia-Hercegovina Network, 9 March 1993.

*729       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 902-910.

*730       Peter Maas, «In Bosnia War A Serb Doctor Becomes `Commander Turtle',» Washington Post, 12 September 1992, available in LEXIS News Library, Curnws File.

*731       Kornjaca, which means «turtle» in Serbo-Croatian, claims it is his real name; others say he adopted it as a nom de guerre. Id.

*732       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 89. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 963-974.

*733       Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Staff Report: The Ethnic Cleansing of Bosnia-Hercegovina, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 8997-9038, at 9017.

*734       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*735       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 90-100. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 64-67. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 975-1020.

*736       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United nations Security Council in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of Resolution 771 (1992) and Paragraph 1 of Resolution 827 (1993), 16 June 1993, at 34, IHRLI Doc. No. 23444- 23478, at 23478.

*737       Amnesty International, Bosnia and Herzegovina Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights, October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3596-3648, at 3620-3621.

*738       Victim Testimonies submitted by Dr. Christina Doctare, World Health Organization, January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 39240A-39265A, at 39242A.

*739       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United nations Security Council in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of Resolution 771 (1992) and Paragraph 1 of Resolution 827 (1993), 16 June 1993, at 34, IHRLI Doc. No. 23444- 23478, at 23478.

*740       Victim Testimonies submitted by Dr. Christina Doctare, World Health Organization, January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 39240A-39265A, at 39242A.

*741       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United nations Security Council in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of Resolution 771 (1992) and Paragraph 1 of Resolution 827 (1993), 16 June 1993, at 34, IHRLI Doc. No. 23444- 23478, at 23478.

*742       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1021-1034.

*743       Note dated 19 November 1992 from Anne-Marie Thalman, Humanitarian Affairs Officer, Special Procedures Section, Centre for Human Rights, Geneva, Zagreb, Regarding a Report by Zdravko Grebo, IHRLI Doc. No. 49183-49201, at 49197.

*744       United States Government Submission, Case No. 052329Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56598.

*745       Id.

*746       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 102-125. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X paragraphs, 68-78. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1035-1109.

*747       Peter Maass, «In Bosnia War, A Serb Doctor Becomes `Commander Turtle'», Washington Post, 12 September 1992. According to this report, Commander Turtle, Dusko Kornjaca, was the boss of portions of eastern BiH, including Foca and Visegrad as of September 1992.

*748       United States Government Submission, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612- 62877, at 62782-62786.

*749       Croatian Information Centre, SIL-418, IHRLI Doc. No. 4641-4645; Tom Post, «A Pattern of Rape», Newsweek, 4 January 1993, at 34, IHRLI Doc. No. 8551.

*750       «Casualties Continue In Foca Area Fighting», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 26 April 1992.

*751       International Peace Centre Statement taken on 8 July 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11629-11630, at 11629.

*752       Semso Tucakovic, «Serbian Territorials Attack Bosanski Brod», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 28 April 1992.

*753       Id.

*754       United States Government Submission, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612- 62877, at 62782-62786.

*755       United States Government Submission, Case No. 186844Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 57040-57041.

*756       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault that occurred during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault paragraphs 126-127. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X paragraphs 79-86. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1116-1153.

*757       United States Submission, Supplemental Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11912-11946 at 11941.

*758       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin - Facts on War Crimes, Number 2, February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 13227-13325 at 13302.

*759       Submission from David Hepburn, European Community Monitoring Mission Liaison Officer, UK Mission, to the Commission of Experts, 29 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20269-20546 at 20271- 20285.

*760       United States Government Submission, Case No. 061833Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56610-56612.

*761       Submission from David Hepburn, European Community Monitoring Mission Liaison Officer, UK Mission, to the Commission of Experts, 29 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20269-20546 at 20271- 20285.

*762       United States Government Submission, Case No. 061833Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56610-56612.

*763       Letter from David Hepburn, European Monitoring Mission Representative, 27 January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5889-5895 at 5890- 5892.

*764       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 5893-5895.

*765       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 5890.

*766       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 5893-5895.

*767       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council, 16 June 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 23444-23478 at 23454-23455.

*768       Letter from David Hepburn, European Community Monitoring Mission Representative, 27 January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5899-5895 at 5893- 5895.

*769       United States Mission, Supplemental Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11912-11949 at 11941.

*770       Submission from David Hepburn, European Community Monitoring Mission Liaison Officer, UK Mission, to the Commission of Experts, 29 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 20269-20546 at 20271- 20285.

*771       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 128-129. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1157-1161.

*772       For more on these groups' activities, see BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29884, at 29875 and United States Mission, Supplemental Submission of Information to the Commission of Experts, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11912-11946 at 11921.

*773       United States Mission, Supplemental Submission of Information to the Commission of Experts, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11912- 11946 at 11921.

*774       Id.

*775       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 131-132.

*776       Republic of Croatia, Letter dated October 21, 1993 from the Permanent Representative of Croatia to the U.N. Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/26617 (23 October 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 45732-45770 at 45756.

*777       Id.

*778       Id.

*779       «Sarajevo Radio Updates Fighting», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia- Hercegovina Network, 4 February 1993.

*780       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 144-147. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 102-104. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1259-1335.

*781       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3, March 1993, at 14, IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29883 at 29856.

*782       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019 at 28777- 28788 and 28792.

*783       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62613, 62629, 62756-62757, at 62756.

*784       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62613.

*785       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 62756.

*786       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia, 27 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3103- 3156 and 5455-5470, at 3129 and 5465.

*787       Mission of the Republic of Croatia, Letter dated October 21, 1993, from the Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/26617 (23 October 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 45732-45770 at 45763-45764.

*788       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 45768.

*789       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 45764.

*790       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 112-119.

*791       United States Government Submission, Case No. 251441Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62681.

*792       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 153. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1378-1395.

*793       See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019 at 28661.

*794       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1412-1414.

*795       «Serbian Forces Attack, Destroy Maglaj», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia- Herzegovina Network, 23 May 1993.

*796       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 120-124. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1415-1425.

*797       United States Government Submission, Case No. 081811Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56822-56825.

*798       Amnesty Intrnational, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights 19 (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3596-3648 at 3620.

*799       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 3620-3621.

*800       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62684.

*801       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights 19 (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3596-3648 at 3620.

*802       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 155-167. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 125-144. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1426-1467.

*803       IHRLI Incident No. 52064.000.

*804       United States Government Submission, Case No. 011707Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62822.

*805       Id.

*806       Id.

*807       An official source, IHRLI Doc. No. 29751-29770 at 29760.

*808       European Community Monitoring Mission, Report on Possible War Crimes, IHRLI Doc. No. 41151-41170, at 41159.

*809       United States Government Submission, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62742 and 62677.

*810       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 168. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1474-1477.

*811       Ermin Kremic, «Serb Plan To Occupy Bosnia `Leaked Out'», Zagreb Vjesnik, 3 April 1992.

*812       See the following documents for a summary of HOS origins and activities: Serbian Republic Presidency, To Serbs All Over the World, IHRLI Doc. No. 48122-48127 and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28464-28796.

*813       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 150-151. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1478-1506.

*814       Statement by Croatian Army Chief of Staff Janko Bobetko, «Army Chief Claims Victory in Zadar Fighting», Zagreb HTV Television, 1 February 1993.

*815       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019 at 28800- 28812 and 28945-29000.

*816       Inter-Agency Group of the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Violations of Human Rights of Women, 6 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 22196-22226 at 22201-22203.

*817       Unidentified Written Statement, IHRLI Doc. No. 18656.

*818       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019 at 28952- 28953.

*819       Id. IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28817.

*820       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2378-2521.

*821       «Situation in Bosnia-Hercegovina Analyzed», Oslobodjenje, 29 February 1992.

*822       BiH State Commission for War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3 (March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29884, at 29868-29870.

*823       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 172-189. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 196-275. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 1530-2255.

*824       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II 42- 49 (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9332-9339.

*825       BiH Submission to the United Nations, IHRLI Doc. No. 6584.

*826       Id.; The Society of Threatened Peoples, Ethnic Cleansing - Genocide for Greater Serbia, IHRLI Doc. No. 14422-14502 at 14482.

*827       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II 51- 73 (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9351-9363.

*828       United States Government Submission, Case No. 291546Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56364-56365.

*829       Id.

*830       Id.

*831       Id.

*832       George Rodrigue, «Serbs Systematic in Ridding Region of Muslims, many say: Bosnia Corridor Considered Crucial to `Republic'», The Dallas Morning News, 27 December 1992.

*833       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II 61- 73 (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9351-9363.

*834       George Rodrigue, «Serbs Systematic in Ridding Region of Muslims, many say: Bosnia Corridor Considered Crucial to `Republic'», The Dallas Morning News, 27 December 1992.

*835       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II 61- 73 (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9351-9363.

*836       United States Government Submission, at 94-291, IHRLI Doc. No. 62631-62632.

*837       Id.

*838       George Rodrigue, «Serbs Systematic in Ridding Region of Muslims, many say: Bosnia Corridor Considered Crucial to `Republic'», The Dallas Morning News, 27 December 1992.

*839       Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Volume II 61- 73 (April 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 9279-9720, at 9351-9363.

*840       George Rodrigue, «Serbs Systematic in Ridding Region of Muslims, many say: Bosnia Corridor Considered Crucial to `Republic'», The Dallas Morning News, 27 December 1992.

*841       IHRLI Incident No. 44126.000.

*842       US State Department, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320-57229 at 56328- 56329.

*843       Id.

*844       United States Government Submission, Case No. 051459Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56804-56805.

*845       Id.

*846       United States Government Submission, Case No. 051905Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56912.

*847       Id.

*848       All information relating to the activities of the Zoran Karlica at Biscani are from the Croatian Information Centre, Genocide: Ethnic Cleansing in Northwestern Bosnia (Ante Beljo ed., 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 39889-40025, at 39953.

*849       «Zoka's» description is available, but not disclosed. Id.

*850       The witness does not indicate that the Zoran Karlica members were running either of these camps, just that the prisoners were brought there by them. Id.

*851       All incidents connected with the Rambos are described by the Croatian Information Centre, Genocide: Ethnic Cleansing in Northwestern Bosnia (Ante Beljo ed., 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 39889- 40025, at 39953.

*852       According to US Government documents, there is also a paramilitary commander named Miso Radulovic from Vukovar who led an attack on Kozarac, BiH, 23 May 1992. IHRLI Doc. No. 62693. The report of these men comes from the US State Department, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320-57229, at 56883.

*853       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320-57229, at 56883.

*854       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 190-199. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 276-279. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2276-2328.

*855       Statement of Berina Hurem, dated 19 August 1992 at Sarajevo.

*856       BiH Ministry of Internal Affairs, Report of Crimes Committed Against Humanity and the International Law and of Concentration Camps Formed by the Aggressor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3305-3344, at 3316.

*857       United Nations Centre for Human Rights, Grebo Report, 19 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 5492-5510, at 5502-5503.

*858       Statement of [Witness], dated 15 August 1992 at Sarajevo.

*859       Statement of [Witness], dated 19 August 1992 at Sarajevo.

*860       Statement of [Witness], dated 15 August 1992 at Sarajevo.

*861       BiH Ministry of Internal Affairs, Report of Crimes Committed Against Humanity and the International Law and of Concentration Camps Formed by the Aggressor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, August 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 3305-3344, at 3317.

*862       Statement of [Witness], dated 15 August 1992 at Sarajevo.

*863       BiH State Commission on Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Testimony Number 10/04-55, IHRLI Doc. No. 25225-25234, at 25227.

*864       Transcript of Radio Broadcast, «All Things Considered, U.N. Relief Convoy Attempts Trek to Bosnian Village», National Public Radio, 16 January 1993.

*865       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29884, at 29866-29867.

*866       Id.

*867       Vladimir Nikolic, «Seselj Calls For Unification of `Serbian Countries'», Belgrade Radio Belgrade Network, 1 April 1993.

*868       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2336-2377.

*869       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320-56816 at 56632-56633.

*870       Id.

*871       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 201-217. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 288-296. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2378-2521.

*872       Slavko Rako, «Village Barricades Protest Sarajevo Accord», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 3 March 1992.

*873       Statement of [Witness], dated 24 July 1992 at Sarajevo.

*874       Statement of [Witness], dated 19 April 1993.

*875       «Irregulars From Serbia, Croatia Detailed», Slobodna Dalmacija, 27 April 1992.

*876       Id.

*877       «Irregulars From Serbia, Croatia Detailed», HINA Report, 27 April 1992.

*878       Blaine Harden, «Bosnia Bleeds Under Serb `Purification'», Washington Post, 23 June 1992.

*879       «Serbs Accused of `Definitive Ethnic Cleansing'», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia-Hercegovina Network, 30 September 1992.

*880       Rijaset Islamske Zajednice, 2 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 9721- 9786, at 9761.

*881       New York Times, 28 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 8513-8514.

*882       John F. Burns, «A Killer's Tale--A Special Report: A Serbian Fighter's Path of Brutality», New York Times, 27 November 1992.

*883       John F. Burns, «Bosnia War Crime Trial Hears Serb's Confession», New York Times, 14 March 1993.

*884       John F. Burns, «A Killer's Tale--A Special Report: A Serbian Fighter's Path of Brutality», New York Times, 27 November 1992.

*885       George Rodrigue, «Politics of Rape: Brutal, Degrading Act a Powerful Weapon in Violence that Rends Former Yugoslavia», New York Times, 5 May 1993.

*886       «Serbs Try To Conceal Evidence of Vogosca Camp», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia-Hercegovina Network, 10 August 1992.

*887       Statement of [Witness] at Vogosca.

*888       See Republic of Serbia, Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Serbian Representative to the U.N. Commission of Experts, 1 December 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 11521-11643, at 11540.

*889       Id.

*890       Id.

*891       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. 28401-29019, at 28661.

*892       Serbian Council of Information Centre, Rape and Sexual Abuse of Serb Women, Men and Children in Areas Controlled by Croatian and Moslem Armed Formations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, 1991-1993 (15 January 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 46196.

*893       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Information on the Aggression of the Republic of Croatia (27 November 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3140- 3147, at 3147.

*894       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 22. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 304-305. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2543-2545.

*895       United States Government Submission, Case No. 042054Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56909.

*896       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Victim Testimony No. 92/SS, IHRLI Doc. No. 30151-30152; see also BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Victim Testimony No. 4/92 SS, IHRLI Doc. No. 30254-30257, at 30256.

*897       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 224-227. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2555-2575.

*898       Zdravko Grebo, Report sent to Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 19 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 49183-49201, at 49197.

*899       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 229. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 312-313. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2583-2606.

*900       Serbian Council Information Centre, Rape and Sexual Abuse of Serb Women and Children, 15 January 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 46176- 46208, at 46203.

*901       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report submitted to the Commission of Experts, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28592.

*902       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 230-231. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 314-320. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2607-2612.

*903       UNPROFOR, Weekly Summary, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25522- 25527, at 25523.

*904       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 62612-62877, at 62620.

*905       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 234-241. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2616-2643.

*906       Rade Trbojevic, «General Mladic Orders Placement of Missiles», Sarajevo Radio Bosnia-Hercegovina Network, 2 June 1992.

*907       Carol J. Williams, «U.N. Forces in Croatia as Battles Rage: Yugoslavia: Over 1,200 French Troops Arrive. Meanwhile, New Violence Erupts Among Ethnic Rivals in the Former Federation», Los Angeles Times, 5 April 1992.

*908       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 244-253. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2658-2717.

*909       Slavko Rako, «Ultimatum Ends in Zvornik: Serb Attack Begins», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 9 April 1992.

*910       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 1 (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3041-3099, at 3093.

*911       Id.

*912       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council, 12 April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 11912-11946, at 11945-11946.

*913       Division of Information and Research, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony SIL-415, IHRLI Doc. No. 4646-4669, at 4650-4658.

*914       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces 11 (January 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 5511-5527, at 5524; see also Division of Information and Research, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony SIL-419, IHRLI Doc. No. 39543A-39552A, for another account of rape at the hotel Vilina Vlas.

*915       All details pertaining to Momir Savic's group come from BiH, Statement of [Witness], Case File 353/1992 (5 July 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 34732-34759, at 34734.

*916       Id.

*917       Division of Information and Research, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony SIL-415, IHRLI Doc. No. 4646-4669, at 4650-4658.

*918       Save the Humanity, Report on the Violations of Human Rights in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Part II 15 (1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 695.

*919       All of the details of Popovic activity come from the following report: Zdravko Grebo, Report sent to Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 19 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 49183-49201, at 49192-49193.

*920       Id.

*921       It is not clear whether this report is the same described in connection with the Popovic Group. All details laid out here come from the BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3 (March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 29841- 29884, at 29864.

*922       Zdravko Grebo, Report sent to Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 19 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 49183-49201, at 49192-49193.

*923       Id.

*924       Amnesty International, Submission to the Commission of Experts, 16 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 24967-35017, at 34993.

*925       This citation from the newspaper is also taken from the Amnesty International report. Id.

*926       Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Fifth Periodic Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/47 (17 November 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 52399-52435, at 52430.

*927       Id.; Amnesty International, Submission to the Commission of Experts, 16 November 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 34993.

*928       Amnesty International, Submission to the Commission of Experts, IHRLI Doc. No. 34993.

*929       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3 (March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29884, at 29866-29867.

*930       Id.

*931       Peter Maas, «In Bosnia War, A Serb Doctor Becomes `Commander Turtle'», Washington Post, 12 September 1992, available in LEXIS News Library, Curnws File.

*932       Id.

*933       BiH Ministry of Interior, Statement of [Witness], Case File 353/1992 (5 July 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 34732-34759, at 34734.

*934       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 254-255. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2733-2744.

*935       UNPROFOR, Weekly Summary, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 25522- 25527, at 25523.

*936       Charles McLeod, ECMM, Report on Inter-Ethnic Violence in Vitez, Busovaca and Zenica, April 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 51615-51703, at 51631, 51639, 51640, 51669.

*937       Id.

*938       BiH State Commission for Gathering Facts on War Crimes, Bulletin, Number 3 (March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 29841-29884, at 29869-29870.

*939       Id.

*940       Id.

*941       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 258. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 378-385. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2808-2840.

*942       Milan Vego, «The Croatian Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina», Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 26349A1- 2639A63.

*943       Other groups named include the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Third Corps, and Brigade 314. Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 5 (6 September 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 35746-35751, at 35750.

*944       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 259-266. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 386-397. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2847-2912.

*945       United States Government Submission, Case No. 090105Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62859.

*946       United States Government Submission, Case No. 311358Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 57024.

*947       United States Government Submission, Case No. 112229Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56639-56642, at 56640.

*948       Carol J. Williams, «Ethnic Violence Uproots 10,000 in Bosnia, U.N. Says: Yugoslavia--Women and Children Reportedly Flee for Their Lives: Republic Leader Appeals for International Help», Los Angeles Times, 11 April 1992. One report indicates that upon entering the town, Arkan's men went door-to-door asking to see the resident's identification. United States Government Submission, Case No. 071126Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 57030.

*949       Letter from the Acting Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations to Professor Frits Kalshoven, Chairman, United Nations Commission of Experts, 3 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5814-5832 at 5819-5824.

*950       United States Government Submission, Case No. 131355Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56516.

*951       Id.

*952       Slavko Rako, «Ultimatum Ends in Zvornik; Serb Attack Begins», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 9 April 1992.

*953       «Islamic Community Condemns Zvornik Crimes», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 9 April 1993.

*954       Slavko Rako, «Ultimatum Ends in Zvornik; Serb Attack Begins», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 9 April 1992.

*955       Chuck Sudetic, «Serb-Backed Guerrillas Take Second Bosnia Town», New York Times, 10 April 1992.

*956       United States Government Submission, Case No. 251439Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62639-62640; Letter from the Acting Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations to Professor Frits Kalshoven, Chairman, United Nations Commission of Experts, 3 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5814-5832, at 5819-5824.

*957       United States Government Submission, Case No. 090105Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62859.

*958       United States Government Submission, Case No. 090105Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62859-62860.

*959       United States Government Submission, Case No. 051936Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 56473-56476.

*960       Austrian Government Submission, 3 February 1993, IHRLI 5814- 5832, at 5819-5824.

*961       United States Government Submission, Case No. 251439Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62639-62640.

*962       Austrian Government Submission, 3 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5814-5832, at 5819-5824.

*963       See United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council [Sixth Submission] 11-12 (1 March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 11883-11911, at 11894-11895; Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 707- 756, at 745-746; United States Government, First Submission, 22 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 87-96, at 92; United States Government Submission, Case No. RUEAIIA 4250, IHRLI Doc. No. 56256, where it is reported the Arkan's units tortured and killed approximately 1000 Muslims in Zvornik and Mali Zvornik.

*964       United States, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of Resolution 771 (1992) and Paragraph 1 of Resolution 780 (1992) and Paragraph 4 of Resolution 827 (1993) 34 (16 June 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 23444-23478, at 23478.

*965       «Islamic Community Condemns Zvornik Crimes», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 9 April 1993.

*966       «Serbs Reportedly Killing Zvornik Muslims», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 9 April 1992.

*967       United States Government, First Submission, 22 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 87-96, at 92.

*968       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 707-756, at 745-746.

*969       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council [Sixth Submission] 11-12 (1 March 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 11883-11911, at 11894-11985.

*970       Letter from the Acting Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations to Professor Frits Kalshoven, Chairman, United Nations Commission of Experts, 3 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5814-5832, at 5820-5821.

*971       United States Government Submission, Case No. 090105Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62860.

*972       Carol J. Williams, «Ethnic Violence Uproots 10,000 in Bosnia, U.N. Says: Yugoslavia--Women and Children Reportedly Flee for Their Lives: Republic Leader Appeals for International Help», Los Angeles Times, 11 April 1992.

*973       Blaine Harden, «In Bosnia, `It is Very Ugly, Very Sad What Is Happening'», The Washington Post, 13 April 1992.

*974       Letter from the Acting Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations to Professor Frits Kalshoven, Chairman, United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council resolution 780 (1992), 3 February 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 5814-5832, at 5819-5824.

*975       «Situation in Zvornik `Extremely Grave'», Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Network, 14 April 1992.

*976       Carol J. Williams, «Ethnic Violence Uproots 10,000 in Bosnia, U.N. Says: Yugoslavia--Women and Children Reportedly Flee for Their Lives: Republic Leader Appeals for International Help», Los Angeles Times, 11 April 1992. Blaine Harden, «Serbia Seen Adopting New Bosnian Policy: Western Criticism Appears to Jolt Leader», Washington Post, 25 April 1992.

*977       Blaine Harden, «Serbia Seen Adopting New Bosnian Policy: Western Criticism Appears to Jolt Leader», Washington Post, 25 April 1992.

*978       Blaine Harden, «In Bosnia, `It is Very Ugly, Very Sad What Is Happening'», Washington Post, 13 April 1992.

*979       Id.

*980       Id.

*981       Id.

*982       United States Government Submission, Case No. 090105Z, IHRLI Doc. No. 62860.

*983       All details of the events at Kostjerevo are from the World Campaign Save Humanity, Report on War Destructions, Violation of Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27 July 1992, IHRLI Doc. 52111-52135, at 52131- 52132.

*984       United States Mission, Supplemental United States Submission of Information to the United Nations Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/25171 (27 January 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 5843-5855, at 5847- 5848.

*985       Id.

*986       Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Gross Abuses of Basic Human Rights 41 (October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3596-3648, at 3642.

*987       Charles Lane, «Besieged: Sarajevo-Postcard: Bosnian Civil War», The New Republic, 27 July 1992.

*988       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56320-57229, at 56879.

*989       Information Centre of the Democratic League of Kosovo, Fighting in Bosna River Valley and Bosanska Posavina, IHRLI Doc. No. 47969- 48071, at 48029-48031.

*990       Id.

*991       For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2913-2920.

*992       Darko Pavicic, «Difficulties in Getting Baranja Back Foreseen», Zagreb Danas, 31 December 1991.

*993       Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2798.

*994       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 267.

*995       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2804.

*996       Special Correspondent, «War Without End», The Economist Newspaper, 6 February 1993.

*997       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 268. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2942-2956.

*998       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2804-2807.

*999       Id.

*1000       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 15, (15 November 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 47021-47024, at 47022.

*1001       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 270. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 2979-3002.

*1002       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2798.

*1003       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 2886.

*1004       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 2894.

*1005       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 272.

*1006       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2807-2808.

*1007       Serbian Council Information Centre, Report on Harassment and Ethnic Cleansing in Western Slavonia, 31 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 46072-46106, at 46075-46080.

*1008       Id. at IHRLI Doc. No. 46708.

*1009       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 273. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 3026-3049.

*1010       «Knin Demands UNPROFOR Protection For Croats», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 27 January 1993. See also Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 4, 1 (30 August 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 34962-34966, at 34963 (reporting that 177 Croatian civilians were arrested on 31 January 1993, evicted and forced to sign a document stating that they were leaving Knin of their own free will). For information regarding Captain Dragan's involvement in the January 1993 events, see IHRLI Doc. No. 34963.

*1011       Ray Moseley, «Angry Serbs Rush To Defend Enclave», Chicago Tribune, 29 January 1993.

*1012       Jovan Matic, «Volunteers Reporting To Fight For Krajina», Paris AFP, 28 January 1993.

*1013       David B. Ottaway, «Croat Attack Last Month Said to Fail: Serbs' Artillery Shells Coastal Area», Washington Post, 21 February 1993.

*1014       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 275. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 155-163.

*1015       Republic of Croatia, Report of Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, at 7, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2829, at 2809.

*1016       Carol J. Williams, «Future Risky for Yugoslav Mission: All Sides Want U.N. Peacekeeping Troops Sent In, But Each Has Its Own Idea About How They Should Be Used», Los Angeles Times, 29 November 1991.

*1017       «Croats, Serbs Appear Closer to Peace», Atlanta Journal And Constitution, 26 November 1991.

*1018       Storer H. Rowley, «Zealots Thrive in Yugoslav War», Chicago Tribune, 1 December 1991.

*1019       IHRLI Incident No. 23323.000.

*1020       US Department of State, 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 56202.

*1021       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 164-183. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 3143-3164.

*1022       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2807-2810.

*1023       Id.

*1024       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2798.

*1025       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 184-192.

*1026       Submission by the Society of Croatian Professional Women, 10 March 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 6150-6537, at 6532-6537.

*1027       For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 193-195.

*1028       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2810.

*1029       Amnesty International, Yugoslavia: Further Report on the Deliberate Killings in War Zones (1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 3538- 3565, at 3544.

*1030       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 1, 2 (9 August 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 32774-32782, at 32778.

*1031       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2927.

*1032       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 276.

*1033       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 48266-48301, at 48295.

*1034       Republic of Croatia, Report of Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2807-2808.

*1035       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 279. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 3242-3258.

*1036       Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Second Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 28401-29019, at 28592.

*1037       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 280. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 306-311.

*1038       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraphs 282-284. For a discussion of the mass graves allegedly located in this county, see Annex X, paragraphs 337-377. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 3272-3361.

*1039       «Cetniks Reportedly Ambush Two Police Patrols», Zagreb Domestic Service, 2 April 1991.

*1040       «Serbian Radical Leader Explains Use of Cetniks», Tanjug, 8 May 1991. According to this press report Seselj claimed to have sent Cetnik units, well-armed and well-dressed for terrorist activities, to places in the territories of Croatia, BiH, and Macedonia to defend Serbians.

*1041       «Cetniks Reportedly Ambush Two Police Patrols», Zagreb Domestic Service, 2 April 1991.

*1042       «Cetniks Reportedly Ambush Two Police Patrols», Tanjug, 2 April 1991.

*1043       Id.

*1044       «Mesic on Assassination Threats, Serbian Moves», Tanjug, 5 May 1991.

*1045       «Warrant Issued for Vojislav Seselj's Arrest», Tanjug, 7 May 1991.

*1046       Id.

*1047       «Serbian Radical Leader Explains Use of Cetniks», Tanjug, 8 May 1991.

*1048       Roy Gutman, «Murders Keep Hate Alive», Newsday, 19 May 1991, at 27; «Serbian Radical Leader Explains Use of Cetniks», Tanjug, 8 May 1991.

*1049       «Serbian Radical Leader Explains Use of Cetniks», Tanjug, 8 May 1991. Seselj claims that his Cetniks killed 13 police and wounded at least 20 others«. Dusko Doder, »Old-Time Guerilla Bands Re-emerge in Yugoslavia«, The San Francisco Chronicle, 17 May 1991, at A13. At a rally on May 16, in Ravna Gora, Seselj promoted the participants in the Borovo Selo incident, including the leader of the unit, who was given the rank of major, and his deputy who became a captain. Id.

*1050       Id.

*1051       Roy Gutman, «Murders Keep Hate Alive», Newsday, 19 May 1991, at 27. In an interview Barret responded to the question of whether he killed any of the policemen with, «I don't know. But I hope someone died.» Id.

*1052       Michael Montgomery, «Ethnic Discord: World War II Lives on for Militant Serb Cetniks: The Disenchanted are Breathing New Life Into an Old movement in Strife-Torn Yugoslavia», Los Angles Times, 9 July 1991, at 1.

*1053       World News Tonight With Peter Jennings, 3 September 1991.

*1054       Republic of Croatia, Report of Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, Enclosure 8: Criminal Offenses for which Collection of Evidence Material is in Progress at 7, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2881.

*1055       Blaine Harden, «Serbs Accused of '91 Croatian Massacre: U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken from Hospital and Shot», Washington Post, 26 January 1993.

*1056       Chuck Sudetic, «U.N. Investigating Croats' Grave Site», New York Times, 29 November 1992.

*1057       Carol J. Williams, «In Ruins of Vukovar, Serbs Make Plans for New Regime», Los Angeles Times, 28 November 1991.

*1058       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 2 (16 August 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 34954-34957, at 34956.

*1059       Report of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony of MG-1, IHRLI Doc. No. 4967.

*1060       Republic of Croatia, Report of Republic of Croatia Pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, Enclosure 8, at 3, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2877.

*1061       Blaine Harden, «Serbs Accused of '91 Croatian Massacre: U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken from Hospital and Shot», Washington Post, 26 January 1993.

*1062       Amnesty International, Yugoslavia: Further Reports of Torture and Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings in War Zones 9 (March 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 50100-50129, at 50111.

*1063       Chuck Sudetic, «U.N. Investigating Croats' Grave Site», New York Times, 29 November 1992.

*1064       United Nations Commission of Experts, Vukovar Statements from meeting of January 1993, S.G. Affidavit, IHRLI Doc. No. 6601- 6608, at 6607-6608.

*1065       Blaine Harden, «Serbs Accused of '91 Croatian Massacre: U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken from Hospital and Shot», Washington Post, 26 January 1993.

*1066       Chuck Sudetic, «U.N. Investigating Croats' Grave Site», New York Times, 29 November 1993.

*1067       Blaine Harden, «Serbs Accused of '91 Croatian Massacre: U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken from Hospital and Shot», Washington Post, 26 January 1993.

*1068       Id.

*1069       Report of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony of MG-3, IHRLI Doc. No. 4972.

*1070       Chuck Sudetic, «U.N. Investigating Croats' Grave Site», New York Times, 29 November 1992.

*1071       Carol J. Williams, «In Ruins of Vukovar, Serbs Make Plans for New Regime», Los Angeles Times, 28 November 1991.

*1072       «Croats, Serbs Appear Closer to Peace», Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 26 November 1991.

*1073       Carol J. Williams, «In Ruins of Vukovar, Serbs Make Plans for New Regime», Los Angeles Times, 28 November 1991.

*1074       Frank Viviano, «Forgotten Casualty of War, Croatian Resort of Vukovar Was Early Victim of Yugoslav Conflict», San Francisco Chronicle, 1 September 1992.

*1075       Id.

*1076       Carol J. Williams, «In Ruins of Vukovar, Serbs Make Plans for New Regime», Los Angeles Times, 28 November 1991.

*1077       «Sporadic Attacks Mar Croatian Truce as U.N. Mulls Sending Peacekeepers», Atlanta Journal Constitution, 28 November 1991.

*1078       Carol J. Williams, «In Ruins of Vukovar, Serbs Make Plans for New Regime», Los Angeles Times, 28 November 1991.

*1079       Krunoslava Banic, «Questions on Vukovar Crimes Remain», Zagreb Novi Vjesnik, 28 October 1992.

*1080       Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Testimony Identified as MG-8, IHRLI Doc. No. 4975.

*1081       Croatian Mission, Report on Mass Graves in the UNPROFOR Sector East, Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations, IHRLI Doc. No. 4933-4985, at 4977.

*1082       Republic of Croatia, Report Submitted by the Republic of Croatia to the U.N. Security Council, War Crimes and Grave Breeches of Geneva Conventions Committed by Serbian Paramilitary Forces in United Nations Protected Areas (UNPA's) in the Republic of Croatia, 6 September 1993, IHRLI Doc. No. 42883-42918, at 42896- 42901.

*1083       Amnesty International Report, March 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 15123. The report cites the date of the killings as 17 October 1992. It is unclear whether the report date or the incident date is a misprint. However, the report goes on to cite additional incidents which occurred in October of 1991. See also Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 1, 4 (9 August 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 32775-32782, at 32780.

*1084       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 3 (1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 34958-34961, at 34959.

*1085       Republic of Croatia, Report of the Republic of Croatia Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 of 5 October 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 2794-2984, at 2813.

*1086       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 15 (15 November 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 47021-47024, at 47023.

*1087       United Kingdom Mission, Sumbission to the United Nations to the Commission of Experts, 14 January 1994, IHRLI Doc. No. 56149- 56281, at 56202.

*1088       For a discussion of the incidents of rape and sexual assault during the alleged paramilitary activity in this county, see Annex IX, Rape and Sexual Assault, paragraph 285. For a detailed discussion of reported camps in this county, see Annex VIII, Prison Camps, paragraphs 3362-3369.

*1089       «Croatian Serbs `Recruit Italian Fighters'», The Independent, 21 October 1993, at 12.

*1090       Croatian Information Centre, Weekly Bulletin, Number 1, 2 (9 August 1993), IHRLI Doc. No. 32774-32782, at 32778.

*1091       Wilbur Landrey, «Once United, Town in Serbia Torn by Hatred», St. Petersburg Times, 2 August 1992.

*1092       Tilman Zulch, «`Ethnic Cleansing' Genocide for Greater Serbia», Society for Threatened Peoples, IHRLI Doc. No. 14422-14502, at 14487.

*1093       Chuck Sudetic, «Serbs Force An Exodus From Plain», New York Times, 26 July 1992.

*1094       Ray Moseley, «Ethnic Bullies Terrorize Town's Non-Serb Residents», Chicago Tribune, 31 July 1992.

*1095       Carol J. Williams, «In Serbia, Standing Up to the Ethnic Cleansers: Balkans: Defiant Croats, Joined By Sympathetic Serbs, Spearhead a Resistance Movement To Campaign of Terror», Los Angeles Times, 23 August 1992.

*1096       Monica Fokkelman, «Rugova: Serbs `Out of Control' In Province», Madrid ABC, 20 October 1992.

*1097       William Colby & Jeremy J. Stone, Editorial, «Break the Siege of Sarajevo», Washington Post, 15 January 1993.

*1098       «RILINDJA `Completely Under Serbian Control'», Zagreb Radio Croatia Network, 26 May 1993.

*1099       Georgie Anne Geyer, Editorial, «Green Light: Nothing Stopping Serbs in Kosovo», The Phoenix Gazette, 22 June 1993.

*1100       Marco Ventura, «Rugova: Serbs Given `Green Light' in Kosovo», Il Giornale, 27 May 1993.

*1101       «Deport Albanians from Kosovo - Serbian Hardliner», Reuter, 30 April 1994.

*1102       «Serbian Radical Party Leader Demands Release of Six Party Members», Tanjug, 24 September 1992, IHRLI Doc. No. 47983.

*1103       Jonathan S. Landay, «Signs of `Cleansing' Inside Serbia», Christian Science Monitor, 4 May 1993.

*1104       Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia prepared by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, pursuant to Paragraph 15 of Commission Resolution 1992/S-1/1 and Economic Social Council Decision 1992/305 (Draft), U.N. Doc. A/47/666, S/24-809, at 56 (17 November 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 2267- 2330, at 2322.

*1105       Csilla G. Kantor, «Persecution of Vojvodina Croats Described», Magyar Szo, 10 June 1992.

*1106       Jonathan Landay, «Non-Serbs Are Forced From Vojvodina Region», Christian Science Monitor, 20 July 1992.

*1107       Letter Dated 22 October 1992 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General attached to the Second Submission of the Government of the United States America in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of Security Council Resolution 771 (1992), U.N. Doc. S/24705, at 16 (23 October 1992), IHRLI Doc. No. 112-128, at 127.